New Deal

1. New Deal

2. “Only Thing To Fear” - America tired of Hoover -1932 Inauguration Speech “The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself” -Public Relations -Fireside Chats FDR spoke by radio to America on a regular basis Calmed their fears In 1932, the presidential election showed that Americans were clearly ready for a change.

3. “Only Thing To Fear” • - Lame-duck period • Hoover tried to initiate some of Roosevelt’s plans • met by stubbornness and resistance. • FDR accused of letting the depression worsen so that he could emerge as an even more shining savior. • - 20th Amendment • Lame duck period to 6 weeks (January, not March inauguration )

4. A Call to Action -Progressive programs Experiment with solutions Relief, Recovery, Reform -Group Effort Eleanor Roosevelt More political first lady Brain Trust Intellectuals who helped FDR develop policies Frances Perkins Secretary of Labor 1st woman to hold cabinet position -1st 100 Days March-June 1933 The Roosevelt administration implemented programs to provide relief to farmers. It also aided other workers and provided for stimulating economic recovery. What do you think the cartoonist means by Roosevelt’s remark concerning New Deal remedies?

6. Eleanor Roosevelt A niece of Teddy Roosevelt and a distant cousin of Franklin, Eleanor lost her parents at an early age and was raised by a strict grandmother. As First Lady, she often urged the president to take stands on controversial issues. She became known for speaking out against economic and social injustice. In presenting a booklet on human rights to the UN in 1958 she said, “Where after all do human rights begin?... [In] the world of the individual person: the neighborhood…the school…the factory, farm or office where he works.”

7. African Americans -Mary McLeod Bethune friend of Eleanor Roosevelt established “Black Cabinet” Advised President on education -Concert of Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial -Roosevelt never fully committed to civil rights -African Americans came to support the Democratic Party When the Daughters of the American Revolution chose not to allow Anderson to perform in their concert hall Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to perform at the Lincoln Memorial

8. First New Deal -Deficit spending Spending money country does not have (Keynesianism) -Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 – FDR Controls the banks Bank Holiday closed all banks to prevent withdrawals Reopened sound banks-those unable to repay debts stayed closed -Off of the gold standard controlled inflation Congress to buy gold at increasingly higher prices (1 oz. = $35 v. $21 oz.)

9. Alphabet Soup - Banking -FDIC Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $100,000 -SEC Securities and Exchange Commission regulate stock market -Federal Securities Act Truth in Securities Act required promoters to give sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds.

10. Alphabet Soup - Jobs • -PWA • Public Works Administration • Money given to states to create construction jobs • intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief • Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes • projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways • Grand Coulee Dam • - CWA • The Civil Works Administration • provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency. • frivolous - “boondoggling”)

11. Alphabet Soup - Jobs -WPA Works Progress Administration provided jobs for unskilled workers, built many government buildings -TVA Tennessee Valley Authority flood control hydroelectricity -CCC Civilian Conservation Corp young men age 18-25 Built roads, parks

12. Alphabet Soup - Labor -Fair Labor Standards Act Minimum Wage – 40 cents/hr. 44 hr max/week ended child labor -NLRA National Labor Relations Act/ Wagner Act monitor unfair management practices such as firing workers who join unions

13. Alphabet Soup - Labor CIO Committee for Industrial Organization Unskilled laborers unions Formed by - John L. Lewis, the boss of the United Mine Workers Within the ranks of the AF of L The CIO later left the AF of L and became Congress of Industrial Organizations

14. Alphabet Soup - Labor • NRA National Recovery Administration most complicated of the programs designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. maximum hours minimum wages more rights for labor union members choose their own representatives in bargaining

15. Alphabet Soup - Labor - NRA • The Philadelphia Eagles were named after NRA • shot down by the Supreme Court.

18. Alphabet Soup - Agriculture - Dust Bowl Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma forced many farmers to migrate west inspired Steinbeck’s classic The Grapes of Wrath. • The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery. • Resettlement Administration - removed near-farmless farmers to better land.

20. Alphabet Soup - Agriculture • - AAA • Agricultural Adjustment Act • millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages • - Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act • suspension of mortgage foreclosure for five years • voided in 1935 by the Supreme Court

21. Alphabet Soup - Housing - HOLC Home Owners’ Loan Corporation refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes - FHA Federal Housing Administration small loans to householders It was one of the “alphabetical” agencies to outlast the age of Roosevelt. - USHA Housing Authority lend money to states orcommunities for low-cost construction 1st time slum areas stopped growing.

22. Alphabet Soup – Seniors • -SSA • Social Security Act • > 65 get retirement income • - Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (the Indian “New Deal”) • John Collier- Commissioner of Indian Affairs • sought to reverse forced-assimilation • encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions • Not all Indians liked it (200 did). Alphabet Soup – Indians

23. Not Enough Help -By 1935 the economy has still not recovered Depression not over yet -there is enough relief to keep people from starving -some people start to demand more action “Eighteen million Americans are so poor of this world’s goods that they are on relief”

24. New Deal Critics -Father Charles Coughlin heavy taxes on the rich to provide income for all guaranteed annual income -Huey Long “Every man a King” guaranteed income ($5000), home and college for all “Share Our Wealth” Plan Limit income to <$1,000,000 - Dr. Francis E. Townsend each senior receiving $200 month, provided that all of it would be spent within the month guaranteed seniors income “We owe debts in America today, public and private, amounting to $252 billion. That means that every child is born with a $2000 debt around his neck… We propose that children shall be born in a land of opportunity, guaranteed a home, food, clothes, and other things that make for living, including the right to education.”-- Huey Long

25. Court Packing -Several New Deal programs ruled unconstitutional AAA, NRA -Roosevelt proposed adding new justices -seen as a threat to checks and balances

28. 1936 Election - Alfred M. Landon run against FDR weak on the radio and weaker in personal campaigning favored parts ofFDR’s New Deal - Roosevelt won landslide- 523 electoral votes to Landon’s 8 FDR won primarily because he appealed to the “forgotten man”

29. End of the New Deal -”I see 1/3 of a nation ill -housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished”-FDR 1937 -by 1937, some recovery so gov’t pulls back programs and depression returns -opposition grows to continued gov’t control-not solving the depression -international affairs begin to take precedence -New deal has great legacy WWII Ends the Great Depression What is this political cartoon saying about the New Deal and its affect on America?