Chapter 20: The Rise of an Urban Order

1. Chapter 20: The Rise of an Urban Order NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

2. Preview • “At the center of the new industrial order was the city. But to accommodate the global migration of laborers and families, to support the sprawling factories and the masses who kept them going, urban centers of the late nineteenth century had to reinvent themselves.”

3. The Highlights • A New Urban Age • Running and Reforming the City • City Life • City Culture

4. A New Urban Age • The Urban Explosion • Cities’ relations to regions around them shaped natural and economic environments • The Great Global Migration • Push and pull factors • Chinese immigrants • The “new” immigration from southern and eastern Europe in the 1880s

5. Immigration and Population, 1860-1920

6. The Shape of the City • Patterns of settlement • Suburban homes • Urban Transportation • Role of electricity • Mass transit freed the middle class and poor to live miles from work • Bridges and Skyscrapers • Suspension bridges • Cloudscrapers: open floors ideal for warehouses, office buildings and department stores

7. Growth of New Orleans to 1900

9. Slum and Tenement • Perils of the slum neighborhood • Dumbbell tenement spread “like a scab” “Far below the skyscrapers lay the slums and tenements of the inner city. In cramped rooms and sunless hallways, along narrow alleys and in flooded basements lived the city poor.”

10. Running and Reforming the City • Boss Rule • The boss as entrepreneur • A crude welfare system • Rewards, Costs and Accomplishments • Boss William Tweed and Tammany Hall • Bosses guided immigrants and helped underprivileged up from poverty • Toll was often outrageous

11. Nativism, Revivals, and the Social Gospel • Nativism: a defensive and fearful nationalism • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): banned the entry of Chinese laborers • Social Gospel: focused on improving the conditions of society • The Social Settlement Movement • The settlement house • Lobbied for social legislation to improve housing, women’s working conditions and public schools

13. City Life • The Immigrant in the City • Ethnic neighborhoods • Adapting to America • Family life • Special situation of the Chinese • Assimilation • Urban Middle-Class Life • The home as haven and status symbol • The middle-class homemaker

14. Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union • Comstock Law (1873) fought pornography • Challenges to Convention • Victoria Woodhull • Urban homosexual communities “Middle-class life reflected a code of behavior called Victorianism, named for Britain’s long-reigning Queen Victoria (1837-1901). It emerged in the 1830s and 1840s as part of an effort to tame the turbulent urban-industrial society developing in Europe.”

15. City Culture • Public Education in an Urban Industrial World • 1870-1900: an educational awakening occurred • Schools taught conformity and values in addition to reading, writing and arithmetic • Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional • Postgraduate education • Higher education for women

16. A Culture of Consumption • Department stores • Chain stores and mail-order houses • Leisure • Sports and class distinctions • Spectator sports for the urban masses • Arts and Entertainment • The streets, the saloon, dance halls, boxing exhibitions, concerts and theater • Popular music and the coming of jazz