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International mobility and cooperation: The impact of Bologna

This article explores the impact of the Bologna Process on international mobility and cooperation in higher education, including trends, challenges, and new EU programmes. It discusses the political goals of the Bologna Process, the benefits of mobility, and the experiences of Erasmus students. It also provides statistics on international student mobility in Germany and Europe.

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International mobility and cooperation: The impact of Bologna

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  1. Dr. Christian Bode Bonn, 7 July 2006 International mobility and cooperation:The impact of Bologna

  2. CONTENT • The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality • International Mobility in Germany and Europe • International Mobility: New EU Programmes • IV. The impact of Bologna: Trends, Challenges

  3. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityBologna 1988 • Continuing the European humanist tradition • Respect the great harmonies of life • Inseparability of research and training • Intellectual and moral independence • Open to dialogue • Universal knowledge

  4. Bologna-Conference Bergen/Norway 2005 I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityBologna 1999 • Constructing a European Area of H. E. • International competitiveness of European H. E. system • Compatibility of systems of H. E. in Europe • Easily comparable degrees • Establishment of a system of credits • Co-operation in quality assurance

  5. European ResearchArea European Higher Education Area I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityEU Policy and the Bologna Process European Union Lisbon Declaration 2000 "Europe as the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world" Bologna Bologna Declaration 1999 Mobility and Quality  

  6. EU-ERASMUS Länder Andere ERASMUS Länder: Bulgarien, Island, Liechtenstein, Norwegen, Rumänien und Türkei The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityWhich Europe? The EU and ERASMUS Europe The Europe of the Bologna Process "Europe" has many definitions. The Europe of ERASMUS includes 31 countries. The Europe of the Bologna Process (the so-called European Higher Education Area) includes 45 signatory countries.

  7. Bologna-Conference in Berlin 2003 I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityThe Political Goals of Bologna • Political framework for more mobility • removing obstacles to mobility (recognition of degrees and study periods with ECTS and Diploma Supplement, visa and work permits) • facilitating portability of grants and loans (e.g. BAFÖG) • encouraging participation in mobility programmes • Funding of mobility provided by national or EU mobility programmes.

  8. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityMobility: What? Study-related stays abroad of minimum 3 months 1. Study abroad 2. Internships 3. Intensive language courses

  9. I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityMobility: Why? 1. Political/economic reasons 2. Institutional reasons 3. Individual reasons The ERASMUS Students‘ Experiencefindings of Kassel (2005): More than 90% of all students satisfied with study abroad

  10. 3 Co-tutelle PHD PHD 2 Bachelor Integrated research abroad Master 1 Master Graduate year abroad Master 6 - 12 months Master 6 - 12 months free study 3 3 3 3 3 + 1 internal Bachelor 2 2 2 Bachelor Bachelor 6 - 12 months abroad 1 1 1 I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and QualityMobility: When? Germany Abroad

  11. 35% of all Students after 3 years Studies: 13,5% Internship: 13,9% Language Courses: 7,5% II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeGerman Students abroad: How many? 62.000 49.000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Aim: 50%

  12. % II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeInternational Students in Germany: How many? International Students(187.000) German Students(1.720.000) Aim: 10% international students in Germany In addition there are 60.000 Students with foreign passports but who are permanent residents in Germany and have graduated at a High School in Germany (so called "Bildungsinländer").

  13. II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeDestination Germany: Home Countries 26.000 Source: Federal Statistics Office 187.000 International Students in Germany

  14. II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeInternational Student-flow Europa 409.425 14% Europa 766.04926% N/Amerika 91.668 3,1% Asien 153.162 5,2% N/Amerika 493.483 16,7% Asien 687.959 23,3% 2,2 Mio. internationale Studierende Australien Ozeanien 48.298 1,6% S/Amerika 55.264 1,9% AustralienOzeanien 15.898 0,5% S/Amerika 12.678 0,4% Afrika 185.401 6,3% Afrika 28.070 1% Source: IIE Open Doors 2003

  15. II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeIncoming Students to EURODATA Europe: Where they come from Source: Eurodata 2006

  16. 115.000 104.000 77.000 Source: Eurodata 2006 II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeEurodata Students: Where they go Most European Students who study abroad don't leave Europe. A substantial group goes to the US whereas other non-European countries don‘t play a significant role. "Emerging" host countries are Australia and China.

  17. III. International Mobility: New EU ProgrammesHow to increase mobility? 1. Information 2. Right of residence 3. Recognition / Transfer 4. Portability of grants 5. Funding

  18. EU Citizens Non-EU Citizens Guiding principle of common freedom of movement (laid down in EU Treaty of 2002) Free movement of workers, freedom of establishment and services Schengen Visa (2004) So called „Student Guideline“ of 2004 (min. 10 hours per week of students) EU Citizens Non-EU Citizens Act governing general freedom of movement for EU Citizens (2005) Act governing the residence, gainful employment and integration of foreigners (2004)eg. 90 full or 180 half days for students III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes Right of Residence EU Law German Law

  19. III. International Mobility: New EU ProgrammesRecognition of Degrees

  20. III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes Portability of Grants and loans • Portability of grants for part of study programme: 18 countries • Portability of grants for complete study programme: 14 countries • Portability of loans: 12 countries • Prerequisites for the portability of BAföG in Germany: • a study period of one year in Germany before continuing in one of the EU-member-states OR • studies abroad are part of a study-programme by a German and a foreign university with mutual recognition OR • studies abroad fit sensibly into educational background, will be beneficial and can at least be partly recognised within Germany. Results of an inventory by the Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) in August 2004 in 20 EU Member states plus Norway

  21. II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeA new record: 144.000 Mobile ERASMUS Students in 2004/2005 EU-ERASMUS Länder Andere ERASMUS Länder: Bulgarien, Island, Liechtenstein, Norwegen, Rumänien und Türkei

  22. Duration of Stay:approx. 7 month Grant: approx. 110 Euro per month II. International Mobility in Germany and EuropeERASMUS Mobility: Top Subjects

  23. min. 40 % min. 13 % min. 25% ERASMUS LEONARDO DA VINCI HigherEducation and professionaleducation 3,1 Billion VocationalTraining COMENIUS SchoolEducation International Mobility: New EU Programmes New EU Lifelong Learning Programme (2007 - 2013) Lifelong Learning Programme Budget: 6,97 Billion EUR min. 4% ab2009 Erasmus MUNDUS GRUNDTVIG AdultEducation Jean Monnet (Higher Education: European Studies Chairs World-Wide)

  24. International Mobility: New EU ProgrammesThe New ERASMUS Programme (2007 – 2013) – Budget Total ERASMUS budget (all actions) : ∎ 3,1 Billion EUR for 7 years ∎ Average ERASMUS budget p.a.: 443 Mio EUR(increase of 75% compared to 2006: 253 Mio EUR) ∎ 95% of the ERASMUS budget (424 Mio EUR) will be decentralised and administered by National Agencies (such as DAAD) ∎ Average decentralised ERASMUS budget for Germany: 50 Mio EUR p.a. for all decentralised actions; 2006: 35 Mio. EUR

  25. International Mobility: New EU Programmes Number of Mobile ERASMUS-Students 2007 - 2013 Aim: 3 mio ERASMUS-Students by 2012 accumulated  from 2005 onwards 150.000 ERASMUS Students  until 2013 onwards 300.000 ERASMUS Students approx. 8% increase p. a. For Germany 2013: ~ 35.000 outgoing ~ 30.000 incoming

  26. Europe • ERASMUS: € 252,7 Mio. • LEONARDO: € 31,3 Mio. • TEMPUS C: € 38,42 Mio. • TEMPUS T: € 50,09 Mio. • ERASMUS Mundus:€ 68 Mio. • Asia • Asia Link: € 17 Mio. • Asia Pro-Eco: € 5 Mio. • Asia Pro-Eco Post • Tsunami: € 15 Mio. • Vulcanus (Japan): • €1,05 Mio. North America EU-USA (ATLANTIS): € 4 Mio.EU-Canada: € 0,73 Mio. Mediterranean TEMPUS-MEDA: € 34,72 Mio. Budget p. a. for Higher Education: € 544,5 Mio. III. International Mobility: New EU-ProgrammesEU-Programmes for Higher Education worldwide Latin America ALFA: € 10,4 Mio.ALßAN: € 11,06 Mio. Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Region EDULINK: planned € 5 Mio.

  27. More institutional responsibility for mobility programmes • More „sophistication“ in mobility programmes - Mobility in University Networks - Double Degrees V. The impact of BolognaTrends and Challenges

  28. V. The Impact of Bologna:Trends and Challenges • More internationality of teaching staff (teacher exchange, language courses for German teachers) • More internationality of administrative staff(training for International Officers, new mobility action for non-teaching staff in ERASMUS) • More internationality in student services (information, language preparation, accommodation, monitoring, academic recognition etc.)

  29. V. The Impact of Bologna:Trends and Challenges • Tution fees: obstacle to mobility • Internal organization („AAA“), Staffing and funding

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