Global Biogeochemistry Models: Description of simplified biogeochemistry models typically used in large-scale ecosyste

1. Global Biogeochemistry Models: Description of simplified biogeochemistry models typically used in large-scale ecosystem models

2. ATMOSPHERE O3 H2O NO NH3 N2 NOy N2O NHx CO2 CO CH4 VOC H+ SOx H2S TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS DOC POC Alkalinity SO4 NO3 DON PON PO4 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

3. Regional Fluxes Estimated by Global Biogeochemical Models

4. Regional Fluxes Estimated by Global Biogeochemical Models (continued)

5. (Donner et al., 2004, Global Biogeochem. Cycles18, GB1028, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002093)

6. Regional Fluxes Estimated by Global Biogeochemical Models (continued)

7. Atmosphere GPP RA RH Litter/ Soil Plant LC NPP = GPP - RA NEP = NPP - RH

8. Environmental Factors assumed to influence RH • Temperature (air or soil) • Moisture • Carbon in Litter and Soil Organic Matter

9. Comparison of Approaches Used to Simulate Temperature Effects on RH Monotonic Threshold

10. Variables used to Describe Moisture Effects on RH • Atmospheric Supply/ Demand Approach • Precipitation:Potential Evapotranspiration (PPT/PET) • Actual Evapotranspiration:Potential Evapotranspiration • (AET/PET) • Soil Moisture Approach • Amount of water (mm) • Soil water potential • Water-filled pore space (WFPS) • Volumetric soil moisture(VSM)

11. Comparison of Approaches Used to Simulate Moisture Effects on RH Threshold Effects Saturating Effects (Plus Linear Effects – AET/PET)

12. Comparison of Approaches Used to Simulate Organic Carbon Effects on RH • Soil Respiration Approach • RH = k f(Temp) f(Moist) • Single Soil Organic Carbon Pool Approach • RH = a CS f(Temp) f(Moist) • Multiple Litter/Soil Organic Carbon Pools Approach • RHi = ai CSi f(Temp)i f(Moist)i

13. (Fig 1. in Potter et al., 2001, Forest Ecol. Manage. 152: 97-117.)

14. Carbon/nitrogen Interactions

15. Nitrogen Availability and Net Nitrogen Mineralization (NETNMIN) • Potential Available Soil N approach • AVAILNi = Nipot f(Temp) f(Moist) • C/N approach • NETNMINi = a (NSi/Csi) RHi • Changing Organic Matter Quality approach • NETNMIN = [(Nup KS Nav D/(kn + KS Nav)) + NS/CS] RH

16. (Fig. 2b in Potter et al. 1998.Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12(4): 621-637)

17. Methane Consumption and Emission Module Net Methane (CH4) Exchange Atmospheric CH4 Concentration (AM) Plant- Mediated Emission (PM) Ebullition (EB) Diffusion (DSA) Soil / Water Surface (Oxic Soil) Upper Boundary CH4 Consumption (MC) Water Table (Anoxic Soil) CH4 Production (MP) Lower Boundary

18. Methane Production and Consumption • Net CH4 fluxes = CH4 production – CH4 consumption • Factors affecting CH4 production * soil temperature * Labile carbon * Redox potential * Soil pH • Factors affecting CH4 consumption * Water table depth * Soil pH * soil temperature * CH4 concentration

19. Atmospheric CH4 • Dynamic • . Air temperature • . Precipitation • . Cloudiness • . CO2 • . Land cover • Static • . Elevation • . Soil texture • . Vegetation • distribution Methane release • Dynamic • . Air temperature • . Precipitation • .Cloudiness • .Vapor pressure • . Land cover • Static • . Elevation • . Soil texture • . Vegetation • distribution • . Wetland • distribution • . pH • TEM • Coupled C&N • Simulated: • GPP • NPP • NEP • RH • Soil temperature • Water table • Soil moisture • Redox potential Labile carbon CH4 Module Methane uptake Atmospheric CH4 (based on Zhuang et al, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, in review)

20. Soil Thermal Module (STM) Snow Pack Moss / Litter Upper Organic Soil Lower Upper Mineral Soil Lower (based on Zhuang et al, 2003, Tellus, 55B, 751-776)

21. Disturbances • Natural • Wind • Extreme Temperatures • Fire • Human Activities • Deforestation • Agriculture

22. Disturbances Simulated by Global Biogeochemical Models

23. Disturbances Simulated by Global Biogeochemical Models

24. Disturbances Simulated by Global Biogeochemical Models

25. (Houghton et al., 1983, Ecol. Monogr. 53(3): 235-262.)

26. (Houghton et al., 1983, Ecol. Monogr. 53(3): 235-262.)

27. (Fig. 1 in McGuire et al., 2001, Global Biogeochem Cycles15(1): 183-206)

28. Simulating Fire Disturbance • Location of Fires • Timing of Fires • Severity of Fires • Fire intensity • Area burned • Recovery Dynamics

29. Fire Scars across Alaska and Canada from 1950 to 1999 (Courtesy of A.D. McGuire)

30. Simulating Fire Disturbance • Location of Fires • Timing of Fires • Severity of Fires • Fire intensity • Area burned • Recovery Dynamics

31. Fire Fire

33. (Fig. 6 in Kicklighter et al., 1999, Tellus51B: 343-366)

35. CO2 Monitoring Stations of NOAA/CMDL

37. Future Directions

38. Use of Global Biogeochemistry Models in Earth System Models • TRIFFID in HadCM3 • SLAVE in IPSL • TEM in MIT IGSM • LPJ in CLM and CLIMBER-2 • IBIS2 in LLNL PCTM-IBIS2-OCMIP

39. (Fig. 3 in Thompson et al., 2004, GRL31, L23211, doi:10.1029/2004GL021239)

40. VOC CO2 Atmosphere (NPP) Vegetation (Litterfall) CO (Methanotrophy) CO2 Organic C CH4 (Methanogenesis) (Heterotrophic Respiration) SOIL (Leaching) (Leaching) CO2, HCO3, CO3 POC Ground Water Surface Water DOC

41. (Symbiotic fixation) N2 Atmosphere Vegetation NO3 (Uptake) NH3 (Litterfall) (Denitrification) NO N2O N2 Organic N NH4 (Mineralization) (Nitrification) SOIL (Leaching) (Leaching) PON Ground Water Surface Water DON

43. Fire Figure 1 (Csiszar et al. 2004)