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The Ecosystem

The Ecosystem. Topic 2.1 Structure. Some useful definitions:. Species – A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Eg. a lion or a tiger. But……… A lion and a tiger can reproduce together and produce a Liger. No, because the liger is sterile.

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The Ecosystem

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  1. The Ecosystem Topic 2.1 Structure

  2. Some useful definitions: • Species – A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. • Eg. a lion or a tiger

  3. But………A lion and a tiger can reproduce together and produce a Liger No, because the liger is sterile. Is the liger a new species? Are lions and Tigers the same species?

  4. Habitat – The environment where a species normally lives or the location of a living organism. Homework: Find out: What is a niche? How is it different from a habitat? A species share of a habitat and the resources in it. This depends not only where the organism lives but also what it does.

  5. Population – a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time. What’s missing from this graph? .........It has area ……..it has time

  6. Community – a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area.

  7. Ecosystem – A community and its abiotic (non-living) environment

  8. Ecology – The study of the relationships between living organisms and their relationships with the environment

  9. Autotroph- An organism that synthesises its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances. Autotrophic bacteria A plant yesterday.

  10. Heterotroph – an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms.

  11. Saprotroph – an organism that lives on or in non-living matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.

  12. What do you call a mushroom that buys you drinks? A Fungi to be with!

  13. Detritivore – an organism that ingests non-living organic material. A woodlouse

  14. Food chains The arrows represent the flow of energy from eaten to eater! Tertiary consumer Producer Secondary consumer Primary consumer

  15. Make food chains with the following organisms: A) • Shark • Minnow • Zooplankton • Phytoplankton • Tuna • B) • Lion • Gazelle • Grass • Tick • Ox-pecker (bird that eats ticks) What is the initial energy source for both chains? Make sure the arrows go in the right direction.

  16. Foodwebs What is the trophic level of the: Caterpillar? Robin? Owl? Higher Level question: What will happen to the resilience of a food web if you increase the complexity? Primary consumer 2o,3o, and 4o Consumer

  17. Homework • Using Clip art make a food web that contains at least 10 named organisms (common names are acceptable but must be more than “big fish” or “tree”!)

  18. Interactions - Competition When 2 or more living things try to get the same resource. Examples: 2 people on the last sweety, Trees trying to get tall to get the most light; peacocks competing for 1 female, two penguins competing for a nest. http://www.imaging-essentials.co.uk/Images/competition.gif

  19. Interactions - Parasitism An organism that lives off another organism (and gains all or most of its food) where only one of the organisms benefits. Generally the host is harmed but not killed. (1) The hookworm latches on the walls of the colon with its sharp teeth where it feeds on blood. (2) The tapeworm is the longest parasite. A mature adult can lay a million eggs a day. (3) Tapeworm eggs embedded in the colon. (4) The roundworm can grow to be 20 inches (50 cm) long and lay 200,000 eggs per day. (5) Pinworms migrate outside the colon during the night to lay their eggs around the anus. This causes the nightly itching of many unsuspecting victims. http://www.lookgreat-loseweight-savemoney.com/images/common-parasites.jpg

  20. Interactions - Mutualism Where both organisms of different species in an interaction benefit from the interaction. http://cdn.webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/symbiotic-mutualism-animals.jpg

  21. Interactions - Predation When a secondary (or higher) consumer eats another consumer. http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/lion_predation.jpg

  22. Interactions - Herbivory When an animal eats a plant (a primary consumer eats a producer.) http://fireecology.okstate.edu/images/TGPP%20bison%20on%20patch3.JPG

  23. Pyramids Pyramids of Giza

  24. Pyramid of numbers Sparrowhawk killing a starling Sparrow hawk Starling Snail on lettuce Snail Lettuce Pyramid of numbers An ecological pyramid of numbers shows the population of each level in a food chain in a pictorial form. The size of each box represents the size of each population

  25. ….but….. Pyramid of numbers for a tree Starling Starling Aphid Lacewing larvae Elder tree

  26. …so we could use a pyramid of biomass Starling Pyramid of Biomass An ecological pyramid of biomass shows what happens to the amount of biomass at each trophic level by showing how much living material there is at each trophic level of a community at a specific time. Typical units for a biomass pyramid could be grams per meter2 (gm-2), or calories per meter2(cal m-2).

  27. ….but…… Dead bird Not every part of an organism is digestable, the beak and bones of a bird will not pass on to the next trophic level. This can make a pyramid of Biomass look like it contains more energy than it actually does.

  28. …. So we could use a pyramid of productivity. An ecological pyramid of productivity is often more useful, showing the production or turnover of biomass at each trophic level. Instead of showing a single snapshot in time, productivity pyramids show the flow of energy through the food chain. Typical units would be grams per meter2per year (g m-2yr-1)or calories per meter2per year (cal m-2yr-1) As with the others, this graph begins with producers at the bottom and places higher trophic levels on top. (Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid - 09.10 – 16th September 2010)

  29. Bioaccumulation http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html wwweb - 20thSeptember 2010, 13:10 Bioaccumulation refers to the build up of chemicals, such as pesticides in an organism. (USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program) Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance faster than it can lose it through egestion or excretion.

  30. http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html wwweb - 20thSeptember 2010, 13:10 Bioaccumulation: increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain Biomagnification: increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another.

  31. Links Classic example: DDT Classic example: Minamata Click on the hyperlinks and Read these articles!!!!!!

  32. Images • Slide 18 – Competition - http://www.imaging-essentials.co.uk/Images/competition.gif - 10.00, 21 September 2010 • Slide 19 – Parasites - http://www.lookgreat-loseweight-savemoney.com/images/common-parasites.jpg - 10.01, 21 September 2010 • Slide 20 – Mutualism - http://cdn.webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/symbiotic-mutualism-animals.jpg - 10.02, 21 September 2010 • Slide 21 – Predation – http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/lion_predation.jpg - 10.03, 21 September 2010 • Slide 22 – Herbivory - http://fireecology.okstate.edu/images/TGPP%20bison%20on%20patch3.JPG - 10.04, 21 September 2010 • Slide 23 - Pyramids of Giza – web - http://www.places-to-visit.us/files/images/The_Pyramids,_Giza,_Egypt_.png – 09.00, 16th September 2010. • Slide 24, 25 and 26 , - Pyramid of numbers; Pyramid of numbers for a tree; Pyramid of Biomass – http://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/0013n049.jpg - 09.01, 16th September 2010. • Snail lettuce - http://img1.photographersdirect.com/img/2658/wm/pd272617.jpg • Sparrowhawk killing a starling - http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/02_04/1LifeDeathSWNS_800x571.jpg • Slide 25 – Aphid - http://somethingscrawlinginmyhair.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/aphid.rear.jpg Lacewing larvae - http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/fasulo/woodypest/images/slide14.jpg Elder tree - http://images.bidorbuy.co.za/user_images/651/390651_Nuxia_floribunda1.jpg Starling - • Slide 27 – Dead Bird - Namb Faro, http://namb-ualg.blogspot.com/2009_04_01_archive.html - 09.01, 16th September 2010. • Slide 29 and 30 – Bioaccumulation - http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.htmlwwweb - 20thSeptember 2010, 13:10

  33. Bibliography • Evolution of man picture http://daily.swarthmore.edu/static/uploads/by_date/2009/02/19/evolution.jpg • Lion Picture http://bluepyramid.org/ia/lion.jpg • Tiger picture http://fohn.net/tiger-pictures-facts/tiger-regal.jpg • Liger picture http://img40.exs.cx/img40/8801/liger10jb.png • Habitat picture http://www.desertlion.info/photos/22-wend-1c6.jpg • Population graph http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to%202050.JPG • Community picture http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/48/6548-004-4D277914.gif • Ecosystem picture http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0211.jpg • Tree Hugger http://www.treehuggersofamerica.org/images/tree_hugger.jpg • Autotrophic bacteria http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/studentprojects7/Rader/pseudomo.gif • A plant yesterday http://mrgrassosclass.com/images/autotroph.jpg • T.rex picture http://www.biblelife.org/evolution-t-rex.jpg • Mushroom picture http://www.topnews.in/health/files/mushroom.jpg • Woodlice picture http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Porcellio_scaber_-_male_front_2_(aka).jpg/250px-Porcellio_scaber_-_male_front_2_(aka).jpg • Food chain: • http://blogs.townonline.com/wellesley/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/cartoon-sun-thumb10088541.jpg • http://www.selfsufficientish.com/images/appletree.gif • http://bichitomalo.com/images/ist1_1035760_smiling_worm_cartoon.jpg • http://www.teachmecartoons.com/images/bird-cartoon.gif • http://www.floatingbanana.com/artbackwash/BlackHawk1.gif • Food web http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/images/tutorials/ecology/trophic_levels/foodweb.gif

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