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University of Glasgow ( est . 1451)

Parafoveal Processing Influences Word Frequency & Predictability Effects on Eye Movements during Reading. G lasgow L anguage P rocessing. University of Glasgow ( est . 1451). Christopher Hand. S é bastien Miellet. Paddy O’Donnell. Emotion Word Processing: Evidence from Eye Movements.

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University of Glasgow ( est . 1451)

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  1. Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effects on Eye Movementsduring Reading Glasgow Language Processing University of Glasgow (est. 1451)

  2. Christopher Hand Sébastien Miellet Paddy O’Donnell

  3. Emotion Word Processing: Evidence from Eye Movements Scott, O’Donnell, & Sereno Graham Scott

  4. Frequency & Predictability • Word frequency • High-frequency (HF) words are read more quickly than low-frequency (LF) words. • A word frequency effect (HF<LF) is used as a marker (index) of successful word recognition (lexical access). • Contextual Predictability • Given a prior context, words that are highly predictable (HP) from context are read more quickly than those that are less predictable (LP). • The temporal locus of predictability effects, lexical (interactive)or post-lexical (modular), is a matter of continued debate.

  5. Target ConditionContextHFLF Congruous The skier was buried in the… Incongruous The bodyguard drove the… snowavalanche Freq X Pred: Early RT Studies Interactive Additive or

  6. Freq X Pred: ERP Study Target ConditionContextHFLF Biasing Flying to its nest was a… Neutral To our surprise we saw a… bird hawk Sereno, Brewer, O’Donnell (2003) N1 component: 132-192 ms

  7. Freq X Pred: Eye Movements Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996) Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000) Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004) Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press) Inhoff (1984)

  8. Freq X Pred: Eye Movements Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996) Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000) Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004) Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press) Inhoff (1984)

  9. Freq X Pred: Eye Movements Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996) Lavigne, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000) Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004) Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press) Inhoff (1984) conducted en français

  10. Rayner et al. (2004) High Predictability LF Bugs Bunny eats lots of carrots to stay healthy. June Cleaver always serves meat and potatoes for dinner. HF Low Predictability LF June Cleaver always serves meat and carrots for dinner. Bugs Bunny eats lots of potatoes to stay healthy. HF

  11. Rayner et al. (2004) LimitationsRemedies Items per condition: 8 Targets embedded in: single sentence Length of context (# pre-target words): 7.7 words 22 2nd of 2 sentences 15.5

  12. Bugs Bunny eats lots of carrots to stay healthy. June Cleaver always serves meat and potatoes for dinner. June Cleaver always serves meat and carrots for dinner. Bugs Bunny eats lots of potatoes to stay healthy. High Predictability LF HF Low Predictability LF HF

  13. Although a rugby player, Clive struggled through the crowd at the bar carrying glasses of lager and bags of crisps. Gillian was on the last mile of the women’s marathon. She grabbed a bottle of water from a spectator and drank it. Gillian was on the last mile of the women’s marathon. She grabbed a bottle of lager from a spectator and drank it. Although a rugby player, Clive struggled through the crowd at the bar carrying glasses of water and bags of crisps. High Predictability LF HF Low Predictability LF HF

  14. Ingrid’s boiler had suddenly broken down. Fortunately, her neighbour’s father was a plumber and would be able to help. Callum was having trouble with his homework. He asked his uncle who was a teacher to help him with the assignment. Callum was having trouble with his homework. He asked his uncle who was a plumber to help him with the assignment. Ingrid’s boiler had suddenly broken down. Fortunately, her neighbour’s father was a teacher and would be able to help. High Predictability LF HF Low Predictability LF HF

  15. Method • Materials & Design: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters) HF LF HPLPHPLP Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4 Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69 Cloze probability .57 .02 .50 .01 # of items 22 22 22 22

  16. Method • Materials & Design: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP) HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters) HF LF HPLPHPLP Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4 Predictability (1-7)6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69 Cloze probability.57 .02 .50 .01 # of items 22 22 22 22

  17. WOW! Method • Participants: 64 (mean age = 22; #F = 47) • Apparatus: • Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5) • 4 characters ≈ 1o of visual angle • Procedure: • 88 experimental passages • Yes/No comprehension questions on half the trials

  18. reject 4% skip 21% 1 fix 63% 2+ fix 12% Results: Fixation Time Measures • Early • First fixation duration (FFD) • Single fixation duration (SFD) • Gaze duration (GD) • Later • Next forward-going fixation after target (‘spillover’) • Total Fixation Time (TT)

  19. 26 ms 9 ms

  20. Just then, a smug grin comes over his face… Ha! Told you so!

  21. Parafoveal Pre-Processing • In reading, words are initially processed parafoveally before they are directly foveated. • Prior research indicates that both the frequency and predictability of the parafoveal word can influence its subsequent fixation duration. • Specifically, • HF parafoveal words are subsequently fixated for less time than LF ones (Inhoff & Rayner, 1986). • HP parafoveal words are subsequently fixated for less time than LP ones (Balota, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 1985).

  22. Boundary Technique invalid parafoveal preview The sore on Tam-Tam’s tnam was swollen. invisible boundary The sore on Tam-Tam’s rump was swollen. * * * * * * *

  23. Launch Distance 1-3 …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… 4-6 7-9 10-12 13+

  24. (Poorly) Simulated Perceptual Span 1-3 …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… …grabbed a bottle of water from a… 4-6 7-9 10-12 13+

  25. (15%) (4%) (21%) (6%) (17%) rejected (4%) 1-3 (16%) skips (21%) 13+ (5%) 4-6 (24%) 10-12 (10%) 7-9 (21%)

  26. #items #subjects#conditionsper cond# data points 64 x 4 x 22 = 5632

  27. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  28. Summary of Results • RT studies, in general, find that word frequency and contextual predictability interact. • Eye movement studies, measuring target word fixation time in normal reading, find that frequency and predictability are additive. • When the amount of parafoveal preview is manipulated (post-hoc via launch distance), however, different patterns of data emerge.

  29. Summary of Results Launch distanceFreqPredFxP Far (7-9) Mid (4-6) HF Near (1-3) HF,LFHF<LF     • Specifically, • Fixation duration vs. RT? • Far condition ≈ RT physically, but not behaviorally • Near condition ≈ RT behaviorally, but not physically

  30. Conclusions LP HP LP HP LP HP 7-9 4-6 1-3 • Apparent additive effect of Freq & Pred in reading is comprised of opposing interactive effects. Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  31. Conclusions • Explanation 1: Frequency First

  32. Conclusions LP HP LP HP LP HP 7-9 4-6 1-3 • Explanation 2: Floors & Ceilings Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  33. Conclusions – Used as a tool to capture the temporal dynamics of parafoveal processing. – Demonstrated sensitivity to the temporal & spatial contingencies intrinsic to reading. – Provides a more fluid or transitional account of concurrent oculomotor and linguistic processing. • Launch Site

  34. Thank y’all

  35. Effects Before the Target? …grabbed a bottle of water from a… location of current, pre-target fixation • “Parafoveal-on-foveal” effects (oh no!): • When the ease or difficulty in processing a parafoveal target initially manifests itself on the current, pre-target fixation.

  36. 4 ms (marg.) 6 ms (p<.01)

  37. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  38. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  39. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  40. Low High Predictability Low High Predictability Low High Predictability 4-6 1-3 7-9 Launch Distance from Target (# letters)

  41. Effects: F1F2 Freq *** *** Pred *** *** FxP marg n.s.

  42. Effects: F1F2 Freq n.s.n.s. Pred marg. n.s. FxP ** marg.

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