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Iraq from the 1920s to the 1960s

Iraq from the 1920s to the 1960s. Sources of conflicts in modern societies. Conflicts and competition are based on social divisions; If a social division is significant from a political point of view, if it is salient then we talk about a cleavage. Cleavages are the product. of history;

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Iraq from the 1920s to the 1960s

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  1. Iraq from the 1920s to the 1960s

  2. Sources of conflicts in modern societies • Conflicts and competition are based on social divisions; • If a social division is significant from a political point of view, if it is salient then we talk about a cleavage.

  3. Cleavages are the product • of history; • other significant changes in the nature of a society (a religious schism, the emergence of a new economic system, the impact of technology, etc.) • or wars, conquests, • or political union that have put together different peoples into one society.

  4. Common cleavages in modern societies • Religious; • Etnhno-lingusitic (racial, ethnic, cultural); • Center-periphery; • Urban-rural; • Class.

  5. Two types of cleavages • Reinforcing; • Cross-cutting.

  6. Colonial (British) Administration: • The Treaty of Sèvres established Iraq as a mandate of the League of Nations under British administration. • Territory of the new Iraqi State: incorporation of Mosul. • Privileges of Sunni Arabs over other groups;

  7. In addition… • imposition of constitutional order, • political institutions, • monarch, • bureaucracy, • and the army.

  8. The 1924 Treaty: • the maintenance of British military bases; • a British right of veto over legislation.

  9. The 1930 Treaty: • provided for a 25-year alliance with Britain. • Iraq had to consult Britain on security issues and allow it the use of Iraqi airports, ports, railways and rivers; • Two major military bases were leased to the British. • The British were also allowed to station their forces throughout Iraq. • British personnel were granted immunity from local prosecution.

  10. Legacies of the early history a) Tribalism; b) Institutionalization of violence; c) Pan-Arabism rather than nationalism; d) Dysfunctional monarchy; e) Growing influence of the military.

  11. The Republic • 1958:a coup d'etat by the Iraqi army brought Brigadier GeneralAbdul Karim Qassim's government to power; • 1963 Qassim overthrown by ColonelAbdul Salam Arif; • 1966: Salam Arif died and his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif, assumed the presidency; • 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Ahmad Hassan Al-Bakr assumed the premiership in addition to the presidency).

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