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From the 1960s to the 1980s. Student Movement Anti-war Movement Feminist Movement Watergate Recession and Oil Crisis New Conservatism End of the Cold War The Culture Wars. New Social Movements Chronology. 1962 Port Huron Statement Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
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From the 1960s to the 1980s • Student Movement • Anti-war Movement • Feminist Movement • Watergate • Recession and Oil Crisis • New Conservatism • End of the Cold War • The Culture Wars
New Social Movements Chronology 1962 Port Huron Statement Rachel Carson, Silent Spring 1963 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique March on Washington Kennedy assasinated, Lyndon Johnson President 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Free Speech movement at Berkeley Freedom Summer Harlem riots 1965 Malcolm X assasinated Voting Rights Act Immigration Reform Act Watts riot Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed 1966 National Organization for Women organized Black Panther Party Founded 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. assasinated Democratic National Convention in Chicago Richard Nixon elected president Miss America Beauty Pageant protest 1969 Stonewall riot “Indians of All Nations” occupy Alcatraz island Fred Hampton murdered by FBI
Civil Rights Events 1954 Brown v. Board of Education 1955 Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott 1960 Greensboro sit-ins 1961 Freedom Rides 1963 Birmingham protests 1964 Freedom Summer 1965 Selma marches - the last great integrated Civil Rights event
ML King speech in Montgomery, Alabama December 5, 1955 Just the other day, just last Thursday to be exact, one of the finest citizens in Montgomery (Amen)--not one of the finest Negro citizens (That's right) but one of the finest citizens in Montgomery--was taken from a bus (Yes) and carried to jail and arrested (Yes) because she refused to get up to give her seat to a white person. (Yes, That's right) Now the press would have us believe that she refused to leave a reserved section for Negroes, (Yes) but I want you to know this evening that there is no reserved section. (All right) The law has never been clarified at that point. (Hell no) Now I think I speak with, with legal authority--not that I have any legal authority, but I think I speak with legal authority behind me (All right)--that the law, the ordinance, the city ordinance has never been totally clarified. (That's right) … We are here, we are here this evening because we're tired now. (Yes) [Applause] And I want to say, that we are not here advocating violence. (No) We have never done that. (Repeat that, Repeat that) [Applause] I want it to be known throughout Montgomery and throughout this nation (Well) that we are Christian people. (Yes) [Applause] We believe in the Christian religion. We believe in the teachings of Jesus. (Well) The only weapon that we have in our hands this evening is the weapon of protest. (Yes) [Applause] That's all.
Malcom X on MLK “The white man pays Reverend Martin Luther King, subsidizes Reverend Martin Luther King, so that reverend Martin Luther King can continue to teach the negro to be defenseless. That’s what you mean by non-violence—be defenseless. Be defenseless in the face of one of the most cruel beasts that has ever taken a people into captivity. That’s the american white man.” Rejects non-violent philosophy as innapropriate to minority: “Gandhi was a big dark elephant sitting on a little white mouse. King is a little black mouse sitting on top of a big white elephant.”
Use for exam question: Many historians consider the civil rights movement the most important social movement in the twentieth century US history. What were its successes and failures? Compare and contrast Martin Luther King’s and Malcolm X’s views of the civil rights movement as examples.
Counterculture and the New Left Chronology • New Left - named in contrast to the “old left” of 1930s, rejected both Stalinism and McCarthyism, believed in social democracy, influenced by the civil rights movement • Students for Democratic Society - broad democratic student movement, concerned with poverty, civil rights, antiwar protest • The Free Speech Movement - privileged students critiqued the hypocrisy of the univeristy system, influenced by the Beats, civil rights • The Antiwar Movement - against the war in Vietnam, initially students, but then became broader, included working class and minorities • Counterculture - cultural expression of the “New Left,” encompassed rock music, sexual revolution, groups like hippies, Yippies • Important events: 1962 Port Huron Statement by SDS 1964 Free Speech Movement at Berkeley 1967 Summer of Love at Haight-Ashbury, San Fransisco 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago 1969 Woodstock SDS self-destructs and fragments; the Weathermen formed as a splinter group
Port Huron Statement, Students for Democratic Society, 1962 As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the permeating and victimizing fact of human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. Second, the enclosing fact of the Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract "others" we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time. A new left must consist of younger people who matured in the postwar world, and partially be directed to the recruitment of younger people. … A new left must include liberals and socialists, the former for their relevance, the latter for their sense of thoroughgoing reforms in the system. …A new left must start controversy across the land, if national policies and national apathy are to be reversed.
Use for exam question: Historians believe that youth culture did not emerge as a major cultural phenomenon in the United States until the post-World War II era. Using at least two examples, explain in what ways youth culture was central to political and economic life in the U.S. in this period.
Cold War - Vietnam War Chronology 1961 Bay of Pigs 1962 Port Huron Statement Cuban Missile Crisis 1963 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique March on Washington Kennedy assasinated, Lyndon Johnson President 1964 Free Speech movement at Berkeley Freedom Summer Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1965 Malcolm X assasinated 1966 National Organization for Women organized Black Panther Party Founded 1968 Tet offensive Martin Luther King, Jr. assasinated Democratic National Convention in Chicago Richard Nixon elected president Miss America Beauty Pageant protest 1969 Stonewall riot “Indians of All Nations” occupy Alcatraz island 1970 The Ohio National Guard kills four students at Kent State 1972 Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (not ratified by states) 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America
Eddie Adams's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executing Nguyễn Văn Lém, a Viet Cong officer.
US Soldier’s testimony, Dellums Committee Hearings on War Crimes in Vietnam BARNES: I think that most of the high cmnd knew about the things that were happening and the " reasons that they didn't say too much about it or nothing was processed through about it was that the main thing was that the object was to go into Vnam, and the object was to most of the high cmnd, it was to kill. That was the thing. To come in and - I don't mean destroy in the sense of the word which is what they did really, but if a couple of civilians got in the way, "Thats not a big matter. Thats the price of war." Thats how they considered it. If they heard of mass murders usually it was an overpass, and it didn't have too much effect, that type of thing. They didn't care about it. They didn't have no feelings for the people at all.
John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio, a fourteen-year-old runaway, kneeling over the dead or dying body of Jeffrey Miller, shot in the mouth by an unknown Ohio National Guardsman. 70 - Student Killed
Use for exam question: Between 1945 and 2008 the United States conducted several military actions, open and covert, aimed to bring democracy to various world nations. How successful were these democratization projects? Discuss at least two campaigns as examples.
Women in Labor Force, 1940-1987 1940 1950 1960 1970 1987 Millions 13.8 17.8 22.5 31.2 53.0 Percentage Employed Single 48 46 43 51 65 Married 17 23 32 40 56 With children 6 NA 12 19 30 57 ” 6-17 NA 28 39 49 71
Miss America Beauty Pageant Protest, Atlantic City, NJ, September 1969
Feminist Movements - Gains and Losses 1963 Equal Pay Act - prohibits wage discrimination based on sex in jobs requiring skill, effort, and ability 1964 Civil Rights Act - makes discrimination on grounds of race, creed, country of origin illegal Title VII, barring discrimination on basis of “sex,” originally added as a joke, to stop the bill, but adopted under pressure from women’s movement 1966 National Organization of Women (Friedan founded) 1972 Equal Rights Amendment passed by Congress, but fails ratification 1973 Roe v. Wade - prevents thousands of women from dying each year during illegal abortions 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act - prohibited banks to discriminate on the basis of sex number of women in college up 45%, but national system of day care fails
Use for exam question: Historians have argued that the feminist movement may have been the most successful of the new social movements of the 1960s. Describe how the women's movement between 1877 and 1960s led up to the rise of feminism, then analyze the achievements and losses of the feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
Watergate Chronology 1968 Tet offensive Martin Luther King, Jr. assasinated Democratic National Convention in Chicago Richard Nixon elected president Miss America Beauty Pageant protest 1969 Stonewall riot “Indians of All Nations” occupy Alcatraz island 1970 The Ohio National Guard kills four students at Kent State 1972 Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (not ratified by states) Break-in at the National Democratic Convention 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America 1974 President Nixon resigns
Washington Post on Nixon’s “Not a crook” speech Washington Post, Sunday, November 18, 1973; Page A01 Orlando, Fla, Nov. 17 -- Declaring that "I am not a crook," President Nixon vigorously defended his record in the Watergate case tonight and said he had never profited from his public service. "I have earned every cent. And in all of my years of public life I have never obstructed justice," Mr. Nixon said. "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got."
New Conservatism • Democrats discredited • Jimmy Carter • Iran Hostage Crisis • The conservative revolution and Ronald Reagan • Ronald Reagan’s public image • Reaganomics • Irancontra • Fall of communism • The culture wars
Recession: "Remember--don't vote for anyone who would interfere with the way we've been handling things," October 30, 1974
Support for Carter: "... One nation ... indivisible ...," February 22, 1977
Oil Crisis in the 1970s US greatly dependent on non-remewable energy 1870, 90% of Us energy came from renewable sources--water, wood. 1970 more than 90% came from non-renewable fossil fuels. US uses more than 1/3 of the worlds energy resources 1973 - 1st oil crisis OPEC, Oct. 1973--announces embargo of oil to nations supporting Israel Soon lines blocks long form at gas stations 1979 - 2nd oil crisis By 1979, US importing 43% of its annual oil supply Iran embargos US, won’t ship oil, again long lines at the pumps, fear of end to abundance
C.P.O. Graham Jackson mourning the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Warm Springs, Georgia, 1945
Ronald Reagan’s radio address, 1983 There's a very famous, very moving photo of Chief Petty Officer Jackson, tears streaming down his face while he played "Going Home" on his accordion as F. D. R.'s body was borne away by train to Washington. Mr. Jackson once said that as he began to play, "It seemed like every nail and every pin in the world just stuck in me." Mr. Jackson symbolized the grief of the Nation back in 1945, and I just wanted his own family to know the Nation hasn't forgotten their personal grief today, 38 years later. As I'm sure Mr. Jackson's family would tell you, in times of sorrow the warmth and support of a family's ties are especially important. I've spoken a great deal about the strength and virtues of the American family. I'd like to return to that topic today, because the family will again be a top priority as we head into the new year—for the family is still the basic unit of religious and moral values that hold our society together.
Deregulation: Invasion of the corporate body snatchers, April 21, 1985
