Air quality policy in Flanders

1. Air quality policy in Flanders Flemish Government Department Environment, Nature and Energy Mirka Van der Elst Mirka.vanderelst@lne.vlaanderen.be 00 32 2 553 11 23

2. Legislation Framework directive (96/62/EC) Basis common air quality policy in EU 4 daughter directives; air quality standards for 13 pollutants SO2, NO2 (NOx), PM10, Pb CO, benzene Ozone As, Cd, Ni, PAK B(a)P, (Hg) Framework + daughters (3 out of 4) reviewed in 1 directive air quality 2008/50/EG Limit values PM2,5 added. postponement limit values PM10 possible (till medio 2011) if Exceedances caused by: transboundary air pollution, negative meteorological conditions, specific local conditions all possible measures are taken and the limit values will be reached in 2011. postponement limit values NO2 possible (till medio 2015) if all possible measures are taken and the limit values will be reached in 2015

3. Achievement of LV / TV • Ozone: emissions of precursors (NOx and NMVOC) ↓ but transboundary problem. European approach needed (NEC-directive). TV (2010) will not be achieved • Pb, As, Cd: Exceedance of LV (Pb) / TV (As, Cd) in the near vicinity of 2 non-ferrous plant • Ni: Exceedance of TV in the near vicinity of 1 ferrous plant • PM10: structural problem: higher concentrations at industrial hotspots, city- and streetlevel. High backgound! • NO2 structural problem: 1 industrial hotspot (port of Antwerp: refineries, (petro)chemistry (under control), traffic!!), city- and streetlevel (traffic) → Policy emphasis for air quality lays on PM10 and NO2

4. Action plans • Ozone: • flemish NEC-plan to reach the Flemish ceilings of NOx, SO2, VOC and NH3. Actions for transport, stationary sources (industry: SO2, NOx and VOC) and agriculture • Pb: • LV (2005) exceeded at 1 non-ferrous plant: specific action plan in execution, to reach LV asap • As, Cd, Ni: TV (december 2012): • exceeded at a ferrous (Ni) and non-ferrous plants (As, Cd): specific action plans in execution. Directive: application of BAT • PM10 and NO2: • general measures and measures for specific hot spot zones  see further!

5. NO2(ESA satellite) source www.esa.int

6. PM10 ( ESA–satellite) source: R.B.A. Koelemeijer et al. 2006

7. 2000 2010 2020 Rural PM2,5 concentrations, year averages [µg/m3] of known antropogenic sources  Flanders hotspot within Europe Modelling by the European Commission Source: IIASA - EMEP

8. Conclusion Flanders in Europe • Flanders = hot spot in Europe • Reasons (a.o.): vicinity of Northern France, Southern Netherlands, Western Germany: big cities, dense road network, industry • A lot of transboundary air pollution (PM10) But: Flanders exports air pollution too!!

9. Transboundary air pollution: modelled Flemish – non Flemish proportion Flanders France United Kingdom The Netherlands Germany other foreign country not attributed not modelled PM10: Flanders = 29% abroad = 43% However: the Flemish dust doesn’t either stay within the borders! source: Vito-Ircel 2006 (MIRA-T 2006) – BelEuros-model 17%: not modelled = natural sources, diffuse emissions and intercontinental transport 11%: not attributed = contributions forming fine dust after interaction of Flemish and foreign gasses

10. Limit values PM and NO2

11. PM10: Measured concentrations + “intelligent interpolation” Exceedances No exceedances Exposed population:

12. relation day- and yearly LV PM10

13. Modelled concentrations based on sources Fugitive emissions: not modeled

14. NO2: measured concentration

15. Modelled NO2 traffic • Highways and district roads: modelling study to find the bottlenecks in 2010 for NO2 (and PM10) • Various bottlenecks discovered NO2 (and PM10)

16. Innercity Street level Street level is important: • Emissions at low hight  direct exposure • Emissions of traffic: important •  PM10: 20 % exhaust + 8 % non-exhaust •  NO2: 61 % exhaust • Accumulation of air pollution in street canyons • Soot particles probably most dangerous compound of PM

17. PM10 Street level – inner city Antwerp Bron: IRCEL-VITO, belEUROS; MIRA-T 2006

18. NO2street level: inner city Antwerp Bijdrage straat = 35%

19. Conclusions from measuring & modelling • PM10: • At meteorological bad year: exceedances almost everywhere • General exceedances: • industrial hotspots • Background of important cities • Important traffic axes • Inner city roads (street canyons)  Exceedances measured and modelled • NO2 • General exceedances: • 1 industrial hotspot (NO2 also from traffic) • Background of important cities • Important traffic axes • Inner city roads Most of exceedances modelled

20. Problem with NO2 • City background: sinds medio ’90s stagnation of concentration • NOx ( NO+NO2)  but ratio NO2/NOx  • Due to: • more diesel cars • NOx emission of Euro-4 diesel cars in realistic driving conditions not much lower than Euro-1 • Euro-4 (Euro-3) diesel car + sootfilter: up to 80 % NO2 (of the NOx) due to oxidation catalyst

21. Postponement PM10? Leave out exceedances due to: • meteorological circumstances (low wind velocity, little turbulention in atmophere, temperature inversion) • Transboundary contribution  exceedences in 2007: 20  5 or 3, depending of the criteria used Distription of all measures taken See: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/time_extensions.htm But: not all measures modelled yet  not clear if we will reach LV medio 2011 Postponement  or ?? European Commission will give answer in july 2009

22. Sources of PM10 !! Diffuse emissions industry (storage and transfer) NOT estimated. Diffuse emissions agriculture (manipulation of farmland) and traffic included

23. Sources of NOx

24. Sanitation plans PM – NO2 • Secondary dust and NO2: Flemish NEC-program (NEC = National Emission Ceiling, from the NEC- directive): measures to reduce NO2 and the gases that form PM: SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC • Primary dust: • Flemish Dust plan (2005) • Plans at industrial hotspots such as port of Antwerp and Ghent (2007 and 2008) • Plan in function of postponement with state of the art of all the actions • Extra traffic measures

25. Flemish Dustplan (and NO2) Flemish fine dust abatement program GENERIC MEASURES ZONE SPECIFIC MEASURES Traffic Traffic Highways and district roads Navigation Cities and municipalities Industry Industrial hotspots Agri- and horticulture Domestic and tertiary sector

26. Traffic: Europe • European policy • Euro 5 en 6 standards for CARS: • Euro 5 (soot filter): 9/2009 (new types) -1/2011 (all new cars) • Euro 6 (deNOx): 9/2014 (new types) - 9/2015 (all new cars) • Euro VI norm for trucks (PM en NOx ↓) • Under negotiation  European standards for CARS and trucks have a very important impact on air quality (transboundary and local)

27. Flemish traffic policy : overview • General policy • Global mobility policy: fluent circulation, modal shift • Ecofriendly vehicles • ecoscore • Traffic taxes and tax on new cars • Subsidy for soot filters • Ecodriving • sensibilisation • Intern environmental actions at Flemish government • Local authorities: • Cooperation agreement with municipalities with financial support • model CAR Flanders • High ways • Velocity limitation under smog-conditions • dynamic traffic management

28. Ecoscore • From 0 till 100: the higher the ecoscore, the more ecofriendly the CAR • www.ecoscore.be • different negative effects off vehicles taken into account: • Greenhouse effect: • carbondioxide (CO2) • methane (CH4) • dinitrogenoxyde (N2O) • Impact on human health and environment: • carbonmonoxyde (CO) • carbonhydrogens (HC) • nitrogenoxydes (NOx) • Soot particles (PM) • Sulferdioxyde (SO2) • noise: noise of engine

29. Ecoscore as basis to reform traffic taxes • Principle discision of Flemish government 20 juli 2006: • Under development

30. Intern environmental actions at Flemish government • Free public transport home - work • Posibility to work at satellite offices close to home or homework, company bicycle • Ecofriendly verhicles • busses De Lijn: installation of soot filters and deNOx : program almost finished • Company cars: • ecoscore as criterium for purchase • Fleet analyse of Flemish government will start up soon (full Vlaamse overheid)

31. Highways and secundary roads • Velocity limitation till 90 km/u at certain parts of the highway in period of smog-alarm • since 2007 • Smog-alarm = min 2 consecutive days concentration PM10 > 70 µg/m3

32. Highways and secundary roads • Dynamic traffic management • good traffic flow: lower emissions of NOx and PM10

33. Local authorities • Intercity roads • Bottlenecks are expected: in busy street canyons • Some calculations are not elaborated on Flemish (due to missing data) – must be done at city and municipality level • Street model developed by government and freely distributed to cities and municipalities (CAR-Vlaanderen) • Constructive dialogue with cities and municipalities about the model and possible measures • Financial support • Analyse of air quality bottlenecks with CAR or other model • Action plans and measures to reduce air pollution • Environmental check of own fleet + achievement of ecofriendly vehicles

34. automatically Automatically, but can be changed

36. Sanitation strategy PM: navigation • Measures inland shipping • Emission norms are developed at EU level • Financial support of modernisation motors of Flemish inland ships • Measures sea shipping • Most important measures at international (Marpol) and EU level • Non competition disturbing measures reflected with ports (e.g. lower taxes for ecofriendly ships, low sulfer fuel, electricity from the quay, … )

37. Sanitation strategy: industry Global measures • Recent more stringent general emission limit values dust (20 mg/Nm³) • All combustion plants: more stringent emission norms from 2008 (for big plants more stringent than Large Combustion Plants European directive) • Refineries: more stringent bubble (for whole refinery) emission norms from 2010 on for PM, SO2 and NOx, more stringent norms for crackers since 2005 • Electricity sector: convenant / agreement (2004 – 2009 – option till 2014) with commitments for SO2 and NOx • Chipboard industry: great sanitation due to environmental permit and inspection actions (PM) • Specific measures for Iron and steel, non-ferro • More stringent sectorial conditions for chemical industry and waste incineration (NOx) • More stringent measures for fugitive emissions under development

38. Sanitation strategy PM: industry Zone specific • Research at industrial hotspot zones • Backwards modelling to find unidentified sources • Fugitive emissions (storage and transfer of goods) from local sources important • Specific action plans • Stricter legislation for storage and transfer under development

39. Sanitation strategy PM: domestic sector and agriculture • Household • Decrease of emissions due to NEC-plan and energy policy (stimulation of energy saving measures), sensibilisation campaigns open fires, good use of wood furnaces and emission sharpening heating system by federal and European legislation • Agri- and horticulture • Energy saving measures and emission low fuels stimulated by energy policy and action plan sustainable greenhouse horticulture •  research on economical, technical and practical attainability dedusting measures; ammonia- scent and aminal friendly measures for preference

40. Any questions? Dienst Lucht en Klimaat, Graaf de Ferrarisgebouw, Koning Albert II-laan 20, 7th floor 1000 Brussel, Belgium. Tel (secr). 00 32 2 553 11 20 www.lne.belucht@milieuinfo.be