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The Atmosphere - global warming L2

The Atmosphere - global warming L2. English in Natural Science 自然科学の英語. Atmosphere. 90 km. Mesosphere. Heterosphere. 48 km. Stratosphere. Ozone layer. 12 km. Homosphere . Troposphere. Vertical structure. Density decreases with altitude

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The Atmosphere - global warming L2

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  1. The Atmosphere - global warming L2 English in Natural Science 自然科学の英語 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  2. Atmosphere 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  3. 90 km Mesosphere Heterosphere 48 km Stratosphere Ozone layer 12 km Homosphere Troposphere Vertical structure • Density decreases with altitude • gravitational force • Layers of different composition • Homosphere (90 km) • Heterosphere Mass < 1% 14% 85% 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  4. Ozone layer • Filter (15-40 km) against UV solar radiation 90% ozone [O3] 2-8 ppm • Destruction by CFC: CFCl3 + hvCFCl3 + Cl O3 + Cl  O2 + ClO Effects 1. Increased UV radiation  DNA damage (mutations, cancer) 2. Less absorption of radiation  Air cooling 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  5. Troposphere • Current composition • N2 (78.08%) • O2 (20.95%) • Ar (0.93%) • CO2 (0.035%) • Other (0.005%) • Ne, He, CH4, Kr, NO2-, H, Xe, O3 • Temperature decreases with altitude • average 1 oC for 100 m surface ~15 oC  1,500 m water condensates • Clouds form between 1500-3000 m 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  6. 78% N2 21% O2 <1% CO2 95% N2 3.5% CO2 <1% O2 Evolution of atmosphere 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  7. Atmosphere is dynamic • Solar powered • Convection • Hot air UP • Cold air DOWN • Circulation routes • west  east • tropics poles • Jet streams • Effects: • Mixing of gasses • Temperature buffer 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  8. C Tropical cyclon 台風typhoon hurricane Coriolis effect • Rotation of the Earth • Air moves inward in circles cyclons • Inertial circles Centrifugal force 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  9. Hydrological cycle Energy  Sun Water on Earth • Oceans (97%) • Salty water • Atmosphere • Evaporation (H2O vapour) • Condensation(cloud) • Precipitation (rain) • Land • Snow  icecaps  water • Runoff rivers • Dissolves materials • Erosion of land • Evapotranspiration (plants) Evapotranspiration 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  10. The Blue Planet 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  11. Hydrosphere - water distribution 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  12. Interaction atmosphere - hydrosphere • Solar radiation • Water evaporation (oceans)  condensation (clouds) • Hot air UP and cold air DOWN • Earth’s rotation • Air + clouds move in inertial circles (cyclons) • Earth’s topography (e.g. mountains) • Distort movement of cyclons • Cause precipitation (rain) • Region  different weather pattern CLIMATE 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  13. Climate patterns Koeppen System 1st level: latitude zone • Tropical • Subtropical • Temperate • Polar • Mountain/highland 2nd level: precipitation • Regular throughout year • Dry winter • Dry summer 3rd level: temperature • Hot • Mild • Cool • Cold 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  14. Cs: Mediterranean (dry summer subtropical) • Cfa: Humid Subtropical • CFb: Marine West Coast • Df & Dw: Humid Continental & Subarctic • ET: Tundra • Highland • Af: Tropical Rainforest • Aw: Tropical Wet & Dry (Savanna) • BSh: Tropical Steppe • BWh: Tropical Desert • BSk&BWk: Midlatitude Steppe & Desert 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  15. Climate change: Causes • Weather changes - short term cycles • Sun spots fluctuations (11 yr period) • Sea-temperature currents (El Niño oscillations) • Climate changes - long-term oscillations • Solar radiation (insolation) • Precession of equinoxes (23,000 yr period) • Tilt (1o) of Earth’s rotational axis (41,000 yr period) • Eccentricity cycle (100,000 and 400,000 yr period) Milankovitch cycles • Carbon dioxide and methane in atmosphere • Biomass amount and distribution 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  16. Climate indicators • 18O  ice-sheet thickness  sea level • 13C  biomass (productivity) • CO2  atmospheric temperature  carbonate deposition/dissolution • CH4wetland expansion/reduction monsoonal precipitation 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  17. Temperature cycles 11 x 2 yr period • Southern • Oscillation Index • (El Niño) • cold  dryness • warm rainfall Humdbolt Current Weather cycles 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  18. Axial tilt Polaris<-->Vega Orbit eccentricity Precession Astronomic variations  insolation 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  19. Holocene (10,000 yr) • Insolation • perihelion from July to January • 8% more insolation summer and less in winter NH • Effects • Global ice-volume decreased (18O from 15,000 to 6,000 yr) • Sea-surface temperature up (8 oC Atlantic winter) • Sea level up (100 m) • CO2 increased • 200 ppm (15,000 yr)  250 ppm (6,000 yr) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  20. 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  21. Pleistocene (175,000 yr) • Insolation • superimposition 23, 41 and 100 year cycles • Effects • Ice-sheet (18O) • Sea-level • CO2 • methane • Monsoon (SE Asia) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  22. 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  23. Quaternary (3 million yr) • Directly related to insolation cycles • Patterns of variation • Several ice-age periods • Cooling trend in last 700,000 yr • Changes in biomass (productivity) • Irreversible variations due to continental drift • Mountain uplift regulate the magnitude of monsoonal oscillations 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  24. (Webb and Bartlein, 1992) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  25. CO2 CH4 +150% +36% NO2 +20% Greenhouse gasses • Transparent to incoming solar radiation • Absorb outgoing infrared radiation (l > 0.78 mm) emitted by Earth (surface + atmosphere) Radiative forcing W/m2 relative CO2 1.56 1 CH4 0.5 58 NO2 0.1 206 CFC 0.3 3970 5750 CFC 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  26. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature • Antarctica • Vostok lake(160,000 yr) What causes CO2 cycles? (Barnola et al., 1987) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  27. Atmospheric CO2 Initially (3.5 bya) 100 x Reduction… Biomass Carbonate deposition Now 300 Gt (x109 tons) Upward trend Sources 98% natural Biological Volcanic eruptions 2% human activities Keeling curve Current CO2 in atmosphere Before 1800 190-290 ppm 1800 280 ppm 2004 380 ppm Total increase +36% Current rate 1.8 ppm/yr 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  28. Human impact on the carbon cycle Sources of CO2 6-8 Gt/year (1995) • Emissions (83%) • Fossil fuels (CO2, CH4) 6.5 Gt • Fertilizers (NO2) 0.140 Gt • Deforestation (17%) 0.4 m Km2/year 36,000 Km2 Amazon 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  29. 44% 36% 20% Carbon balance 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  30. Effects: global warming • Average air temperature increased I) 0.7 oC in 30 yr ii) 2003 heat wave in Europe 94 mt harvest lost (5% world grain) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  31. Effects in theocean… …start to be felt. • Sea levels in Gulf of Mexico • Wild weather • Katrina, Rita • Japan 2004 (11 typhoons) 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  32. Global climatic impact of CO2 • Global warming[CO2] UP  Temperature UP Temperature • Air: more H2O vapour  rainfall increase pressure  wild weather (typhoon) • Water: melting icecaps  increase sea levels [CO2] • Air: photosynthesis UP  more plant biomass • Water: dissolved CO3-2  coral and marine plankton • Ice-age[CO2] DOWN Temperature DOWN • Air: less H2O vapour  rainfall decrease dryness  dust UP  less radiation (cooling) • Water: icecaps increase  decrease sea levels 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  33. Warm periods Iceage [CO2] [CO2] Temp Temp Vegetation Ice Ice Vegetation [HCO3-] [HCO3-] [CO3-2] [CO3-2] [CO3Ca•Mg] [CO3Ca•Mg] dissolve precipitate Alternating warm/cold cycles 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

  34. References • Schneider, S. H. 1989. The greenhouse effect: Science and policy. Science 243: 771-81. • Webb III, T. and Bartlein, P.J. 1992. Global changes during the last 3 million years: Climatic controls and biotic responses. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 141-173 • Wuebbles, D.J. and Jain, A.K. 2001. Concerns about climate change and the role of fossil fuel use. Fuel Proces. Technol. 71: 99-119 • Feely R.A. et al.2004. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305: 362-366 自然科学の英語-ENS-L2

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