Deviance and Social Control

1. Deviance and Social Control

2. Norm Reminder Norms- guidelines that govern our thoughts, beliefs, and behavior A-Prescriptive Norms- tell us what to do- �Excuse me� B-Proscriptive Norms- tell us what not to do- �Thou shall not� Three types of norms: Mores, folkways, and Laws- See culture notes for definitions

3. Types of Deviance Negative Deviance: behavior that fails to meet certain norms (under conformity) -Examples: dress code violation, swearing in class, stealing Positive Deviance: behavior that over-conforms to social expectations -Examples: anorexia, perfectionist tendencies

4. Social Control- Ways to encourage conformity to social norms Internal Social Control: this lies within the individual and is developed in the socialization process. Instilling a sense on right vs. wrong External Social Control: rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms -Positive sanctions: awards, money, smiles -Negative sanctions: criticism, fines, imprisonment

5. Tolerance of Deviant Behavior Range of Tolerance: a scope of behaviors acceptable and defined as conformity, although technically a norm has been violated (speed limit) Sociologist Ruth Cavan�s Model (1961) � There is a range of tolerance for conformity to a norm� over-conformity and under-conformity can both be equally deviant.� (See model)

6. In defining deviance and conformity- Time, Place, Situation, and Culture all play a factor. All crime is deviant, but not all deviance is considered criminal

7. History-Popular Explanations for Deviance Historically, deviance was attributed to demonic possession, evil, or sinful. -Exorcisms, trepidation http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/the-real-exorcist-no-sympathy-for-the-devil/?iref=NS1 What do you believe????? In the 18-19th century people began examining scientific reasons for deviance/ conformity Cesare Lombroso- stated that �atavism� � a genetic traits that distinguished criminals from the normal population �Physical attributes include: large lower jaw, high brow with ridge (caveman looking) also an insensitivity to pain Phrenology- a study of the bumps on the skull- linked to criminal behavior In the 20th century, �Family Pedigree� became the focus of attention- the key being a �genetic predisposition� for criminal behavior (ei. Aggression)

8. Current Theories on Deviant Behavior 1. Blame the media *See video clip* Many theories link Violent/ Deviant behavior to the Media through Social Learning Theory (we model what we see). Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior: Portrayals of violence show a direct increase in violent behavior in children in both the laboratory and the �real world�. Study have shown that when a famous person commits suicide�the overall suicide rate rises Music- heavy metal and rap music studies have shown similar results.

9. Task: Debate Topic: Social Media does/ does not cause deviant behavior. Get into groups based on your opinion (no more than 4 per group) Create a hypothesis Find support for your hypothesis- case studies, research, etc. Create a �statement� (paragraph) that a member of your group can read to the class that includes you hypothesis, factual support, analysis, case study, etc. Goal: To give a COMPLELLING argument supporting your hypothesis *The class will vote on the most compelling statement and that group will receive extra credit---you will have 4 minutes max!

10. Current theories continued� 2. Medical Model -views deviance as an illness *The criminal must be ill and therefore �cured� of their illness. *Deviant people are mentally ill *Individuals are defined as �curable� or �incurable�

11. Sociological Analysis of Deviance and Conformity

12. Stigma- any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits and disqualifies them from full acceptance and participation. Erving Goffman (1963) identifies three principal types of stigma experienced by those rejected by society Abominations of the body: physical limitations, deformity, of any physical condition not seen as �normal� Blemishes of Individual Character: individuals seen as immoral, dishonest, mental disorders, addiction, diseases that could e linked to some types of �deviant� behavior � AIDS, Lung Cancer Tribal Stigma- Individuals who are discredited because they are associated with a group seen as deviant- race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or an affiliation with a group. *Often stigmatized people are treated as �less than human�

13. How do people respond to �social strain�? Merton�s theory- people adapt in various ways in a �chaotic situation� or anomie (2-5 all are considered deviant) Conformity- accept and pursue culturally acceptable norms Innovation- rejects means or it is no available to them and they substitute deviant means to achieve goals (drug dealer). Ritualism- appears to accept goals and means, but confuses them (gets caught up with means-never achieves goal). Retreatism- rejects goals and means- drops our of society. Rebellion- rejects goals and means and replaces them with deviant ones

14. E. Durkheim- Theory of Suicide-Made connections between the act of suicide and social structure. 4 types of suicide Egoist- occurs in large societies where individuals do not feel integrated into society Altruistic- in small societies where suicide in seen necessary for survival (religious martyrs) Anomic- feel a lack of control, chaotic situation (natural disasters, social upheaval) Fatalistic- feel a lack of freedom/hope (love pacts, prisoners)

15. Control Theory Travis Hirshi�s Theory -2001 Conformity depends on strong social bonds between individuals and society Social Bond theory- the stronger the attachment to a social institution (family, school, church) to more likely conformity is affirmed 4 Basic elements of social bonds Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief

16. Containment theory- individuals who have strong inner containment (internalized norms, morals, values) and outer containment (agents of social control- parents, teachers, police officer) the more likely they are to conform Techniques of Neutralization people who are conformists do not rationalize deviant behavior- they see it as irrational. Deviance uses one of the following techniques to rationalize their behavior: Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of a victim Condemnation of Condemners Appeals to a Higher Authority

17. Conflict Perspective Deviance arises when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on the less powerful group Power Theory Those in power have more opportunity to make and enforce norms- they determine who and what is deviant Only few individuals are in power, only they have access to commit certain types of deviance. The more emphasis that are in place on the criminal justice system and individual deviance, the less people will be focused on those who make and enforce the laws. Elite Deviance- all aspects of white collar crime and all deviant acts committed by those in power (pollution, deceptive advertising, fraud) Even though the cost to the tax payers hundreds of billions of dollars a year- they are treated even more leniently than other criminals. Why?

18. Conflict Perspective continued� Race, ethnicity, and crime In the criminal justice system- African Americans and Latinos are treated more harshly in indictments, convictions, sentencing, and parole than people who are white- even when the offense is the same Examples 1- African Americans account for 1.3% of the population, but 42% of the death row population In interracial murders (which are not of the norm) an African American is sentenced for the murder of a white person is much more likely to be sentenced to death that visa-versa. Nearly � of all homicide victims are black, yet the vast majority of people on death row are there for murdering people who are white.

19. Why are minorities and whites treated so differently Conflict Theory Suggestions Unequal access to good legal resources �Victim discounting� �reduces the seriousness of crimes directed at the members of lower classes. If the victim is seen as less valuable, the crime less serious, the penalty is less severe.

20. Interactionists Perspective- deviance in a result of social interaction. Labeling- deviance and conformity are labels assigned to certain people and certain acts- deviance is relative When two people break the same norms- only one may be labeled deviant. Why? Primary Deviance- a person engages in only isolated acts of deviance- it is not part of their lifestyle Secondary Deviance- deviance in part of the individuals self- concept/lifestyle- they have been labeled

21. Interactionist Perspective cont� Social Learning- all behavior (including deviant) is learned Differential Association Theory- deviant behavior is learned through interaction with other deviant individuals The ratio of deviant to non-deviant individuals Whether the deviance is practiced by a sig. Other The age of exposure Differential Reinforcement- conformity or deviance in dependant upon who an individual associates with and their reactions to the deviant behavior

22. The costs and benefits of Deviance Negative Effects: Erodes Trust Causes non- conforming in others Can be expensive/costly Positive Effects: Clarifies Norms Temporary �safety value�- relieving pressure Increases Unity Promotes needed social change

23. U.S. crime statistics come from: the FBI and the US Census Crime- a violation of a statute law There are more than 4,000 federal crimes alone... Crime in the USA is on the decline Approx. 17 million US households (15%) experience on or more crimes (down 25% since 1994) 2003, more than 3 million households reported being victims of a violent crime

24. Four Approaches to control and punish law breakers 1- Deterrence- discourages criminal acts by threatening punishment When does deterrence work? When the offenders are likely to be caught and the punishment is known to be quick and severe. Does Capital punishment deter crime? 2-Retribution- punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts 3- Incarceration- a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prison 3 strikes law. Does it work? Rehabilitation- process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization Recidivism- a repetition of or return to criminal behavior More than � of people released from prison will be back within 3-5 years

25. Pro�s/Con�s Stats. US is one of the only industrialized nations with the death penalty- UN highly criticizes the US for this US has one of highest homicide rates via the use of handguns (over 10,000 deaths per year on average) 38 states have the death penalty- five different methods are still on the books with lethal injection being the most utilized method Federal system uses the death penalty Capital punishment is costly= 2.1 million dollars Cost or life imprisonment=800,000 dollars/40 years The #1 factor in determining probability of getting the death penalty- socioeconomic status. #2 race The race that has the highest percentage of people on death row = while @51%, followed by blacks @42 % Many factors in determining if the death penalty applies, but main causes are homicide with extenuating circumstances and lack of remorse. See Handouts

26. Sociopaths/Psychopaths *currently there is debate whether they are the same or different *most debate centers around the sociopathic tendency to try to integrate into society, whereas a psychopath has a tendency to be very open about their deviant tendencies�could this lead to the nature/nurture debate? Define: lack of regard for moral or legal standards in the local culture- marked by an inability to get along with others/rules

27. Diagnostic criteria: �Antisocial personality disorder� -repeated acts that could lead to arrest -conning for pleasure/profit -repeated assaults on others -repeated lying or the use of aliases -reckless when it comes to the safety of others -poor work behavior, failure to honor obligations -rationalizing the pain they cause others -at least 18 years old - evidence of conduct disorder with onset before 15 - symptoms not sue to another mental disorder/ drug use

28. Profile of a Sociopath/Psychopath *Glib/Superficial Charm *Manipulative and Conning �Grandiose� sense of self Pathological liar Lack of remorse, shame, guilt Shallow emotions Incapacity for love Need for stimulation Callousness /lack of empathy Poor behavior controls/impulsive nature Early behavioral problems/Juvenile Delinquency Irresponsibility/Unreliability Promiscuity/ Infidelity Lack of Realistic Life Plan/Parasitic Lifestyle Criminal Versatility

29. Assignment: Profile a Sociopath See worksheet�due Monday! Examples: Gary Ridgway, the Green River Killer http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/10/14/easy.prey.green.river.survivor/index.html?hpt=T2 Jeffrey Dahmer http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/stone-phillips-jeffrey-dahmer-interview-segment-1-part-4-of-6/c30ee03589a83b4a6d7cc30ee03589a83b4a6d7c-286369514645?q=jeffrey%20Dahmer%20interviews&FORM=VIRE5

30. Examples: Jack the Ripper: Responsible for the murders of prostitutes from the Whitechapel Area of London in 1888, Jack the Ripper�s identity is yet unknown. His victims were prostitutes and they were brutally murdered and some of their internal organs were surgically removed by the killer. Ed Gein: He was a famous serial killer and proved to be an inspiration for Thomas Harris for creating the famous character of Hannibal Lecter in "The Silence of the Lambs". Ed Gein would skin his victims, exhume corpses and then decorate his home with parts of their bodies and use the skin to make clothes and furniture items. He died on the 26th of July, 1984 in a mental institution. The Zodiac Killer: He was responsible for five known murders in North Carolina in the 1960s. His identity remains unknown till date. He would target men and women between the ages of 16 and 29 and would leave a taunting sign of a crosshair like symbol in subsequent letters to the Police Department. A few of his cryptic messages are still not de-coded.Charles Manson: This serial killer has re-defined evil. He was the leader of a hippie cult in San Francisco called as "The Family" formed around 1967. Members were mostly men and women who were rebelling against their parents and in deep emotional trouble. He used drugs and convinced them to go on killing rampages to rob the wealthy to provide for "The Family". They would then write messages soaked in the blood of the victims on the walls of the house.

31. Examples: Ted Bundy: One of the most notorious serial killers in history, he was responsible for the rape and murder of several women between 1974 and 1978. An educated and charming young man, he either raped and then killed the women or killed and then raped them. His method of killing was either by strangulation or by bludgeoning the women. He was arrested on the 16th of August, 1975, but escaped within 17 hours of his capture. He was subsequently arrested on the 15th of February, 1978. On the 24th of January, 1989, Ted Bundy was sent to the electric chair.David Berkowitz: Known as the "Son of Sam", he was responsible for killing six women and wounding several others in shootings using a .44 caliber pistol in the 1970s in New York City. He was arrested by the Police on the 10th of August, 1977 outside his apartment in New York.

32. Here is a list of Famous Female Serial Killers: Mary Ann Cotton: She was an English Serial Killer and had killed more than 20 people, including her own children, by using arsenic and then collected their insurance money. She was hanged on the 24th of March, 1873 at the Durham County Jail.Marybeth Tinning: Working as a nurse�s aide, she was notorious for having killed nine of her own children by strangulating them and taking them to the hospital almost dead. She went un-noticed by the hospital authorities for a very long time, since they thought that these deaths were a genetic problem in the family. When she brought her adopted son to the hospital in an unconscious state, and he was later declared to be dead, the doctors began to suspect foul play. She was convicted on the 17th of July, 1987 and was sentenced to life imprisonment.Nannie Doss: Also known as the "Giggling Granny" she was responsible for the killing of 11 people between 1920 and 1954. Her victims included her two sisters, her mother, a grandson, a nephew and her four husbands. She was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1955 and died 10 years later of leukemia. 

33. Belle Gunness: Born in 1859, her whereabouts still unknown, she was responsible for the killings of more than 20 suitors and all of her children. Belle was also famous for burning down houses and collecting insurance money for the property and for her dead husbands. Later on, she progressed to placing an advertisement for a husband in a newspaper and luring prospective suitors to her home and killing them. She would bury the bodies in her farm and hog pen.Dorothea Puente: In 1988, this 60 year old woman was sentenced to serve two terms of life imprisonment for the murders of at least 9 people. She would run a boarding house for elderly disabled people, and rob them of their benefit money. She would also kill them and keep on taking the government benefits by forging their checks.Aileen Wuornos: An American Serial Killer, she was a prostitute and was put to death by lethal injection on the 9th of October, 1992. She was charged with killing seven men, who she claimed (attempted to) rape her while she was working as a prostitute.