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Overview

Gender Budgeting: concept, key elements, classification, approaches and tools Nathalie Holvoet Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsbeleid en –beheer, Universiteit Antwerpen. Overview. Concept Key elements Classification Approaches & tools. 1. Concept.

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Overview

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  1. Gender Budgeting: concept, key elements, classification, approaches and tools Nathalie HolvoetInstituut voor Ontwikkelingsbeleid en –beheer, Universiteit Antwerpen

  2. Overview • Concept • Key elements • Classification • Approaches & tools

  3. 1. Concept • No uniform definition but a number of key principles • Definition formulated by the Group of specialists on gender budgeting, Council of Europe, 2005: “gender budgeting is an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. It means a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality”

  4. 2. Key elements • gender mainstreaming • content • underlying processes (link with participatory budgeting, performance budgeting) • analysis • action • limitations (‘realistic expectations’) • emphasis on the supply side • outcomes: result of interaction supply & demand • need to complement with intrahousehold resource allocation analysis

  5. Source: Binnendijk (2000) cited in World Bank Group. International Program for Development Evaluation Training

  6. 3. Classification (1) • Wide variety of experiences (no blueprint) • Classification along different criteria + linkages among different criteria 3.1. Aims • Awareness raising • Accountability • Reformulation of the budget (budget call circular) 3.2. Political Location • ≠ avantages and disadvantages • Inside Government • Within particular ministries • Ministry of Finance: Pakistan • Ministry of Equal Opportunities/Gender: Ecuador • Line ministries (ed, health, transport) • Combination of line & central ministries: Senegal • Local government level : cf. Wenen

  7. 3. Classification (2) 3.2. Political location • Outside government • Civil society, research institutes, etc.: e.g. UK • Combined (inside & outside) • See e.g. South Africa: Ministry of Finance (GBI) + Women’s Budget Initiative • Uganda: Ministry of Finance (GBI) + lobby-group within parliament + NGO • Tanzania: Ministry of Finance (GBI) + Tanzanian Gender Networking Programme • Switzerland: Ministry of Equal Opportunities + trade unions

  8. 3. Classification (3) 3.3. Coverage • Expenditures • Most of the initiatives, particularly in developing countries • mostly ‘social’ expenditures (education, health) • Revenues • more in industrialised countries • E.g. Belgium: effect of tax reform (see slide 9) • E.g. gendered effect of different tax systems (direct versus indirect taxes) • in developing countries • E.g. effect of user fees in Zambia, Kenya (see slide 10) • E.g. gendered effect of different types of taxes in Nepal

  9. 3. Classification (4) 3.4. Phase of the budget/policy cycle • ex-ante: e.g. gender-aware policy appraisal (see slide 15), gender disaggregated beneficiary assessment • ex-nunc: e.g. Elson’s budget cycle framework • ex-post: e.g. gender-disaggregated benefit incidence analysis (see slide 17) 3.5. Reporting • official annex to the budget (‘gender budget statement’) • see e.g. France (jaune budgétaire) • ‘informal’ reporting • Policy briefs, leaflets, articles in newspapers, etc.

  10. 4. Approaches and tools: selection 4.1. General approaches • Budlender and Sharp 3 categories approach(see a.o. Budlender and Sharp, 1998)(slides 13-14) • Elson’s Budget Cycle Framework(see Elson in UNIFEM, 2002) 4.2. Tools (see a.o. Hewitt in UNIFEM, 2002) • gender-aware policy appraisal (slide 15) • gender-disaggregated beneficiary assessment • gender-aware macro-economic models and medium term economic policy & expenditure framework • gender-disaggregated benefit incidence analysis (see Demery in UNIFEM, 2002) (slide 17) • gender-disaggregated revenue incidence analysis • gender-disaggregated analysis of impact of the budget on time use • gender-aware budget statement

  11. 4.1. Budlender and Sharp’s 3-categories approach (1) • classification of expenditures in three categories + analysis • Gender-specific expenditures (MINOR) • Expenditures specifically targeted to men and women intended to meet their particular needs • Equal employment opportunity expenditures (programs aimed at change within government) (MINOR) • Two elements of analysis are particularly relevant: • patterns of government employment (do they reflect principles of ‘equal opportunities’?) • gender-sensitivity of public services could also be determined by employment patterns at the delivery points of public services 3. General expenditures (LARGE)

  12. 4.2. Budlender and Sharp’s 3-categories approach (2) • General expenditures = general or mainstream budget expenditures that deliver goods to the whole population  most of the expenditures in different portfolios • analysis: see different tools (see 4.2.)

  13. 4.2. Gender-aware policy appraisal • Gender-analysis of the planned poverty reduction & sector policy & programme • basic question: ‘in what ways will the policies and the associated resource allocations affect men and women;  or  gender (in)equalities and empowerment’ • specific questions (data requirements): • What are the current gender inequalities in the country, sector (e.g. results of previous gender analysis (benefit incidence analysis, beneficiary assessment, Harvard/Moser frameworks,…)? • What is the likely impact of current policy on these inequalities? • Does the policy address these inequalities? • Is it possible to reformulate policy? Is it possible to add specific policy measures as to make the policy ‘gender-responsive’ (‘gender-neutral’, ‘gender-progressive’)? • Are resources adequate to implement ‘gender-responsive’ policies? • Examples • Rwanda: land reform

  14. 4.2. Gender-disaggregated benefit incidence analysis • Examines the distribution of public services (and related expenditures) over men and women • Three step methodology • Identification of unit cost of social services (+ disaggregation over different sub-categories) • Identification of usage that is made of social services (+ disaggregation along other criteria: geographical location, age, class, …) • Linking of the two previous steps • Limits • No thorough analysis regarding underlying causes (need for complementary intra-household resource allocation) • No economic cost-benefit analysis • No differences in needs are taken into account • Examples: • Ivory Coast: education

  15. Selected references Budlender, Sharp and Alen (1998) How to do a gender-sensitive budget analysis: contemporary research and practice. London and Canberra, Commonwealth secretariat and AusAID. Budlender, Elson, Hewitt and Mukhodpadhyay (eds)(2002) Gender budgets make cents: understanding gender responsive budgets. London: Commonwealth secretariat Budlender and Hewitt (eds)(2002) Gender budgets make more cents: country studies and good practice. London: Commonwealth Secretariat Cagatay, Keklik, Lal and Lang (2000) Budgeting as if people mattered: democratizing macroeconomic policies, UNDP/SEPED Conference paper. Hofbauer, H. (2003) Gender and budgets: overview report. Bridge cutting edge pack on gender & budget. Brighton: Bridge. Holvoet, N. (2006) Gender budgeting: its usefulness in programme-based approaches to aid: briefing note. Brussels: European Commission. Holvoet, N. (2007). Gender budgeting in Belgium: findings from a pilot project. European Societies 9 (2): 275-300 Holvoet, N. (2014) Gender responsive budgeting and the aid effectiveness agenda: experiences from Mozambique. Journal of International Women’s Studies 15 (2): 61-79. UNIFEM (eds)(2002) Gender budget initiatives: strategies, concepts and experiences. New York: UNIFEM

  16. Thank you! Nathalie.holvoet@uantwerpen.be

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