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Understanding Environmental Causes of the Achievement Gap: Family Environment

This presentation delves into the impact of family environment on student development and achievement, exploring structural characteristics, home resources, parenting practices, and health conditions influencing the achievement gap.

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Understanding Environmental Causes of the Achievement Gap: Family Environment

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  1. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP:FAMILY ENVIRONMENT DAVID MARTÍN RODRÍGUEZ EDU604 Diversity Issues in 21st Century Education Dr. Virginia A Metaxas

  2. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT ACHIEVEMENT GAP: refers to outputs—the unequal or inequitable distribution of educational results and benefits. OPPORTUNITY GAP: refers to inputs—the unequal or inequitable distribution of resources and opportunities. LEARNING GAP: refers to relative performance of individual students; the disparity between what students have actually learned and what they were expected to learn at a particular age or grade level.

  3. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT • During the fourth week of the subject EDU604 Diversity Issues in 21st Century Education we have studied the achievement gap as it relates to race and individual difference as well as environmental, school, and community factors that can influence it. • Aspects as the race, ethnicity, gender, or socio-economic class impact on educational achievements and outcomes. But in this presentation we will focus on: • Environmental causes of the achievement: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT.

  4. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT • In the next slides, we are going to examine the influence of the family on student development and achievement. Besides we are going to explore family structural characteristics and family environment. • FAMILY STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS: • Family Size: African American families, on average, are generally larger than white families (Hallinan, 2001; Roscigno, 2000). • Early teen motherhood: Early childbearing is negatively linked to student achievement (Luster & McAdoo, 1994). • Family composition: “The proportion of young children living in single-parent households… is much higher for socially disadvantaged children (Lee & Burkam, 2002, pp 31-32). And lower-income children have less stable families (Scales et al, 2006, p.40). • Residence: Luster and Mc Adoo (1994) assert that urban residence is a risk factor in the educational achievement algorithm. • Mobility: Researchers show that mobility is more prevalent among poor and minority families (Gandara, Rumerger, Maxwell-Jolly & Callahan, 2003; Shannon & Bylsma, 2002).

  5. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT • FAMILY HOME ENVIRONMENT “Parenting practices and the quality of the child´s home environment have large effects on a child’s test scores (Uhlenberg Brown, 2002, pp 497-498).

  6. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT • 1) HOME RESOURCES: • Economic conditions influence children. “Poverty affects children through its impact on the family´s ability to invest in resources related to children´s development” (Neuman & Celano, 2006, p.180). • 2) PARENTING PRACTICES: • SETTING THE STAGE: Parents are not only their children´s first teachers but also their teachers for a much longer period of time than any other individuals (Miller, 1995, p.209). • PROVIDING A STIMULATING HOME ENVIRONMENT: Especially important here is the family income “the quality of the home environment when parents have higher-level jobs is better off than that of homes where parents have lower-level jobs” (Entwisle, Alexander & Olson, 2000, p.13). • LINKING TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: “Working-class and low income parents see a limited role for themselves, while upper middle-class families believe they are central to making connections for their children (Lewis, 2008, p.14). • HEALTH CONDITIONS: Vision, hearing, oral health, lead exposure, asthma, use of alcohol, smoking, birth weight, and nutrition, all of them together, have an important influence on the academic achievement gap.

  7. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT HOW TO COMBAT INEQUALITY FROM SCHOOL EDUCATION? After reading chapter 5 of Murphy's book, J. (2010) The Educator's Handbook for Understanding and Closing Achievement Gaps, I believe that it is necessary and urgent to develop education beyond schools. We should transform education into a goal of the whole society, not only of schools. Society cannot delegate the full weight of education in schools, since the participation of families is essential to achieve educational success. In addition, schools have to be transformed into spaces and times for the construction of knowledge, attitudes and values.

  8. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP: FAMILY ENVIRONMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY Entwisle, D. R., Alexander, K. L., & Olson, L.S. (2000). Summer learning and home environment. InR.D.Kahlenberg (Ed.),A notion at risk: Preserving public education as an engine for social mobil-ity(pp.9–30).NewYork:The Century Foundation Press. Gandara, P., Rumberger, R., Maxwell-Jolly, J., & Callahan, R. (2003). English learners in Californiaschools:Unequalresources,unequaloutcomes.Educational Policy Analysis Archives,11.RetrievedOctober 19,2007,from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v11n36/ Hallinan, M. T. (2001). Sociological perspectives on black-white inequalities in American schooling.Sociology of Education, 74(0),50–70 Lee, V. E., & Burkam, D. T. (2002).Inequality at the starting gate. Social background differences inachievement as children begin schools.Washington,DC:Economic Policy Institute. Lewis,A.(2008).Add it up. Using research to improve education for low-Income and minority students.Washington, DC: Poverty and Race Research Action Council. Available from http://www.prrac.org/pubs_aiu.pdf. Luster,T.,& McAdoo,H.P.(1994).Factors related to the achievement and adjustment of youngAfricanAmericanchildren.Child Development, 65(4),1080–1094. Miller, L. S. (1995).An American imperative: Accelerating minority educational advancement.NewHaven,CT:Yale University Press. Murphy, J. (2010). The Educator's Handbook for Understanding and Closing Achievement Gaps. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin. Chapter 5: Environmental Causes of the Achievement Gap: Family Environment Neuman, S. B., & Celano, D. (2006). The knowledge gap: Implications of leveling the playing field forlow-income and middle-income children.Reading Research Quarterly, 41(2),176–201. Scales,P.C.,Roehlkepartain,M.N.,Keilsmeier,J.C.,&Benson,P.L.(2006).Reducingacademicachieve-ment gaps: The role of community service and service-learning.Journal of ExperimentalEducation, 29(1),38–60.

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