The Age of Exploration

1. The Age of Exploration World History

2. Benchmark Breakdown Age of Exploration Benchmarks 3.3 & 3.4

3. Benchmark 11.3.3 - Explain the impact of the exploratory and commercial expeditions in the 15th and 16th century, including the voyages of Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and European voyages to North America • The student: Describes changing relationships between world regions in early modern times (e.g., Europe to Asia and the Americas). • Benchmark 11.3.4 - Explain the effects of global exchanges in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa, including the spread of food crops and diseases, the exchange of trade goods, and migrations of peoples (forced and voluntary) • The student: Describes how two regions involved in a global exchange in early modern times were affected (e.g., impact of smallpox in Americas).

4. Need to Know • Know countries/explorers & where they went • Also where they colonized • Know the relationships between regions • Europe with the rest of the world • Know the indigenous people that Europeans contacted • Know what/how people were exchanging and trading • Know the causes of exploration and exchanges • Know the effects of exploration and exchanges

5. Need to be able to do • Explain the causes and effects of the age of exploration • Explain the relationships between Europeans and Indigenous people • How they impacted each other • Explain trade and exchanges during the age of exploration • How trade worked • What was being exchanged • How exchanges effected each region

6. How did it all start? 1. Crusades led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East. 2. The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes to the east. The Europeans were forced to seek alternative trade routes to Asia. How will the Europeans get around the Ottomans?

7. Reasons for Exploration Look at the following pictures and see if you can determine the major reasons for Exploration in the 15th thru 17th centuries! GOD WATER ROUTE TO THE EAST GOLD GLORY TECHNOLOGY HUMANISM

8. GOD GOLD GLORY Reasons for Exploration “Come on! Did you think we did it to find a new vacation spot?” 1. “Gold” was a motivator! Many had a desire to find new sources of wealth. 2. “Glory” encouraged men to take risks! Many wanted fame and fortune for themselves and their nation. 3. “God” was used to justify their success. Due to Reformation, some wanted to spread Christianity.

9. WATER ROUTE TO THE EAST TECHNOLOGY HUMANISM Reasons for Exploration “All this technology and the Queen only gives me three scrawny little ships!” 4. “Water Route to the East” was needed due to Muslim and Italian control of trade routes. 5. “Humanism” stressed the power of the individual to question and explore the world around them. 6. “Technology” such as the compass, sextant, astrolabe, and the caravel made sea travel easier.

10. Motivation Iberian Northern European Gold – Wealth and prestige for the crown Glory – Glory for their nation, Individual Glory and fame God – Great Missionary Spirit to justify actions and gain new followers Need for new forms of revenue Take over trade from Muslims and Italians who dominated Mediterranean Gold – Wealth for individual and trading company Calvinists – wealth was a sign of God’s good grace. Glory – Individual fame and fortune God – Search for religious freedom (Puritans were persecuted) Competition developed with Iberian nations

11. The Portuguese • Prince Henry the Navigator • Built schools for sailors • Brought in the best sailors in Europe • Learned new techniques • New technologies & equipment brought in or developed • Built shipyards • New Ships -> Caravel • Financed expeditions around Africa • Vasco da Gama • 1st European to sail to India

12. Portuguese exploration 1400s-1500s Why did the Portuguese want to get to these places?

13. Location Iberian • Portugal • Seized port cities, or trading enclaves, in Africa and Asia, like Goa, Malacca, Mombasa, and Canton • Brazil was founded by Pedro Cabral in 1500 • Had a monopoly on trade in the Indian Ocean until the Dutch arrived in the 1600s. In the early 1400s, the Portuguese led the way

14. Goa Malacca Canton The Portuguese Lake

15. Location Iberian Reconquista of Spain – 1492 Drove all Muslims out of Spain Made Spain very wealthy The success of Portuguese explorations led Spain to begin its own voyages.   “I just wanted to get to the Indies, but no… these two big continents had to be in my way!” • Columbus discovered the Americas for Spain. Sent conquistadors to Central and South America • Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe, Spain settled Philippines • Cortes conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico • Pizarro conquered the Inca empire along the Andes Mountains in Peru.

16. The Spaniards attack the Aztecs The Spaniards capture the Inca King

17. Discovery of the Americas • Lead to an explosion of expeditions • Colonization – Settling new lands • Conquistadors • Explorers looking to conquer indigenous people • Get rich in the process • Trade ports and colonies allowed countries to get the resources of these newly discovered areas • Scramble to find more land and to take over as much land and resources as possible • How much land there was to be had was unknown • Counties would keep discoveries secret from rivals • Line of Demarcation • Pope settled dispute over who could explore where • Portuguese East – Spanish West

18. Spanish and Portuguese Explorations

19. Location Northern European • Dutch and British • Trade Companies – Financed many of the expeditions in hopes of gaining new trade • Northern areas of the Americas – settlements and search for a “north-west passage.” • Caribbean Islands – Sugar islands • British controlled Port villages in India – Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta • Dutch – Trade routes and colonies in S.E. Asia: Indonesia, Strait of Malacca, Japan, and China(Only European nation allowed to trade with Japan) • British later replace Dutch (New York, South Africa, India, Malacca) 1707 map of Japan that depicts William Adams’ visit with Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600

20. Dutch Trading Empire

21. Oversight Institution Iberian Northern European The Crown – Monarch and Church received 20% of profits! Mercantilism. Relied on King and Pope to make decisions. Resulted in slow, ineffective process of rule Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: Pope made decision to split New World possessions into spheres of interest between Spain and Portugal. Trading companies received charters from King East and West India Companies develop – Privately funded ventures with goal of making a profit. Mercantilism existed, but development of capitalism began. Decisions can be made much faster by the settlers: Mayflower Compact

22. What do you think is the reason for the differences between Iberian and Northern European exploration? Here’s a hint: Pope Pius V Here’s a hint: Queen Isabella Religious differences: Iberians were Roman Catholic and Northerners were Protestant Political differences: Iberians had Absolute Monarchs with Divine Right and Northerners had Limited Parliamentary governments

23. How do these two images reflect Northern European Exploration? Merchants and Bankers who want to make a profit for themselves and trading company. Pilgrims and the Mayflower Compact: Search for religious freedom and settlers making their own decision

24. How do these two images reflect Iberian Exploration? Columbus arrives in America and plants flag for Spain. Glory for Spain and for himself. Columbus showing off findings from New World to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.

25. Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigated the World Vasco da Gama Water Route to India Important People to Know Can you name the Explorer who went on each voyage?

26. Zheng He Treasure Fleet Sailed in 1405 Christopher Columbus Discovery of New World

27. Impacts of the Age of Exploration

28. Political Impacts • Colonization – The Americas and most Pacific Islands were controlled by European states • European countries become the richest and most powerful countries in the world • Leads to imperialism and Europeans trying to dominate the world through conquest and colonization

29. Political Impacts • Competition over territories and trade routes led to conflicts between European countries • Pirates hired by countries to attack and steal from their rivals

30. Economic Impacts • Commercial Revolution • Global Trade • Europe, Asia, Africa & Americas • 1st time ever • Europe became the economic center of the world • 1st global currency • Silver

31. Raw Materials Parent Country Products Colony Profits $$ Economic Impacts • Mercantilism • Trade based economies • Countries profit from positive balance of trade • Joint Stock Companies • Stock Exchange • Capitalism

33. Economic Impacts • Plantation Systems • Large Agricultural estates • Owners make $$$ • Needs lots of laborers • Slavery • Indentured Servants

34. Social Impacts • Rise of the middle class in Europe • Degradation of Indigenous people • Slavery • Racism

35. The Triangle Trade Raw Materials from plantation $ Manufactured Goods $$$$$ Slaves to work plantations $$

36. Cultural Impacts • Spread of European culture • Religion - Christianity • Languages • Destroyed Indigenous cultures • Forced assimilation of European culture

37. Cultural Impacts • Trade and exchange led to more luxury goods in Europe • New goods from Americas like tobacco • More trade with Asia for things like silk • More production of goods like sugar

38. Geographic Impacts • Migration of People around the world • Voluntary • Colonization (Europeans) • Involuntary • Slavery, Black Birding, Indentured Servatude (Africans, Pacific Islanders, Indians) • Mixed Ethnicities • Latino people • Hapa

39. Geographic Impacts • Change in Demographics • Increased population in Europe due new foods • Potatoes and Corn • Decreased populations of indigenous people due to violence and disease • Up to 90% of indigenous people in some places

40. Geographic Impacts • Columbian Exchange • Food crops • Animals • Diseases • Exchanged between Africa/Eurasian and the Americas for the 1st time ever • Invasive species spread around the globe

41. How did this change Europe? The Americas?

42. From Old World to New World From New World to Old World The Columbian Exchange “The age of Exploration was a major turning point in history all because of me!” Columbian Exchange - the exchange of people, plants,animals, ideas, and technology between Europe and the New World.  Which product do you think had the greatest impact? Corn PotatoBeans Peanuts Squash Pumpkin Tomatoes Avocados Chili Pepper Pineapple Cocoa Tobacco Quinine (a medicine for malaria) Wheat Sugar Bananas Rice Grapes Horses Pigs Cattle Sheep Chickens Measles Typhus