1 / 33

Ecology

Ecology. Global climate and productivity Species diversity Island biogeography Niche partitioning. Discussion readings.

hyatt-whitaker
Download Presentation

Ecology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ecology • Global climate and productivity • Species diversity • Island biogeography • Niche partitioning

  2. Discussion readings • Stevens RD, Cox SB, Strauss RE, Willig MR 2003 Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments and latitudinal trends. ECOLOGY LETTERS 6: 1099-1108 • Aguirre LF, Herrel A, van Damme R, et al. 2002 Ecomorphological analysis of trophic niche partitioning in a tropical savannah bat community. P ROY SOC LOND B BIO 269: 1271-1278. • Giannini NP, Kalko EKV 2004 Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in Panama. OIKOS 105: 209-220. • Bernard E, Fenton MB 2002 Species diversity of bats (Mammalia : Chiroptera) in forest fragments, primary forests, and savannas in central Amazonia, Brazil. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 80: 1124-1140. • Freeman PW 2000 Macroevolution in Microchiroptera: Recoupling morphology and ecology with phylogeny. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH 2: 317-335.

  3. Source of the seasons Earth’s axis tilts 23.5o

  4. 100,000 y period Orbital cycles influence temperature 41,000 y period 22,000 y period

  5. Ice ages can be predicted from orbital cycles

  6. Ice sheets influence species ranges

  7. Greenhouse emissions may lead to accelerated warming

  8. Global atmospheric patterns

  9. Ocean currents

  10. Surface ocean temperatures Pacific coast Atlantic coast

  11. Rain shadows

  12. Temperature and precipation create biomes

  13. Biome distribution

  14. Global primary productivity Annual productivity increases with mean temperature and rainfall

  15. Energy flow • Only 1% of energy from sun is trapped by plants during photosynthesis • Approximately 10% of energy is passed to next trophic level

  16. Energy pyramid Food chain length depends on primary productivity and ecological efficiency of each trophic level

  17. Bat species diversity

  18. Bat species diversity by latitude

  19. Reasons for tropical diversity • Energy stability: more solar energy allows for more diversity • Greater specialization: individual abundance decreases as diversity increases • Habitat diversity is greater so there are more niches to fill

  20. Species range patterns • Tropical species have smaller ranges than expected • Temperate species have larger ranges than expected

  21. Restricted vs widespread species Gleaners have restricted ranges

  22. Percent species Log body mass Body size and species abundance • Bergman’s rule: species become larger away from the equator - bats do not show this • Body mass does not correlate with abundance in bats. Other mammals show negative correlation between body mass and abundance.

  23. Island biogeography How many species do we expect on the island?

  24. Island biogeography • S = equilibrium number of species • I = immigration rate • E = extinction rate

  25. Island biogeography predictions Area effect

  26. Island biogeography predictions Distance effect

  27. Species-area relationships

  28. Habitats Bat species-area patterns Larger areas sustain more species Tropical forests

  29. Area and distance effect for Polynesian megachiroptera

  30. Bat wing shape has been used to define feeding guilds • Wing loading = mass/wing area • Aspect ratio = wingspan2/wing area • Low AR = short, broad wings • High AR = long, narrow wings

  31. Niche partitioning

  32. Niche space expansion Temperate Tropical

More Related