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Drifting Toward Disunion: 1854-1861

Drifting Toward Disunion: 1854-1861. Chapter 19. A. Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)- highest selling book of the 1850s Influenced northerners & British. Hinton Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South (1857)

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Drifting Toward Disunion: 1854-1861

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  1. Drifting Toward Disunion: 1854-1861 Chapter 19

  2. A. Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries • Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)- highest selling book of the 1850s • Influenced northerners & British

  3. Hinton Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South (1857) • Slavery bad for poor whites & southern economy • Didn’t make an impression on poor whites- on aristocratic whites- made them mad

  4. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

  5. B. The North-South Contest for Kansas • Battle for the state • Abolitionists, free-soilers • New England Emigrant Aid Company • Beecher’s Bibles • Southerners- not a good idea to bring slaves • 2 in KS, 15 in NB

  6. 1855- elect territorial legislature • Border ruffians from Missouri • Proslavery govt. at Shawnee Mission • Antislavery govt. at Topeka • Sack of Lawrence

  7. C. KS in Convulsion • John Brown- fervent abolitionist • Pottawatomie Creek Massacre- May, 1856 • Bleeding KS- 1856-1861

  8. 1857- KS bid for statehood • Lecompton Const.- with or without slavery- protected slavery either way • Stephen Douglas’s reaction • KS remained a territory

  9. D. Bully Brooks and his Bludgeon • Sen. Charles Sumner of MA • “Crime Against KS” • Against South & Sen. Andrew Butler of SC

  10. Rep. Preston Brooks of SC • Beat Sumner in Senate in May 1856 • Brooks resigned, but immediately reelected • Reactions in North & South • Proved how great a controversy the slave issue was

  11. E. Old Buck vs. the Pathfinder • 1856- Dems. Didn’t go with Pres. Pierce or S. Douglas • Nominated James Buchanan- not involved with KS • 1st Republican candidate- John C. Fremont • Know-Nothings- Millard Filmore

  12. F. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 • Buchanan won 174-114-8 • Threats of secession- business in North • North still not ready for a war • What did this show? • Know-Nothings in Decline • Democrats could win behind a truly national candidate • Republican Party was already a force in the North

  13. G. The Dred Scott Bombshell • Decision handed down 2 days after Buchanan took office- March, 1857 • Slavery in free territories

  14. Taney’s Ruling • Slaves not citizens & couldn’t vote • Slavery could exist legally anywhere • Congress can’t take the rights of property away without due process of law- 5th amendment

  15. H. Financial Crash of 1857 • Not as bad as 1837- psychological effect • Hurt mainly northerners & westerners • Southerners did fine b/c of high cotton prices • Northerners wanted stronger tariffs • Westerners wanted 160 acres of free land • Gave Republican party campaign issues

  16. I. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges • A. Lincoln chosen to run against Douglas in 1858 Senate race • Physical difference of Douglas • Born low social class, self-educated, rustic • Possibly manic-depressive • Wife’s psychological state • Good trial lawyer • 1-term representative (1847-1849) as a Whig • Personally against slavery- KS-NB Act reinvigorated his political career

  17. J. The Great Debate: Lincoln vs. Douglas • 7 open-air debates

  18. Freeport • Freeport Doctrine • How can people vote slavery down after Dred Scott? • If people don’t want slavery, laws won’t be passed to protect it. It will then, therefore, die out. • Douglas won election, but not by a landslide • People looked at Lincoln as a viable presidential candidate for Republican party

  19. K. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr? • John Brown to western VA • Tried to take over the armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA- Oct. 1859 • Quickly captured by troops under Robert E. Lee • Hanged Dec. 1859 • Feelings in North & South

  20. L. The Disruption of the Democrats • Dem. Convention in Charelston- Douglas • Unable to get votes for nomination- Southerners- meeting dissolved • Baltimore- mainly northern Dems.- Douglas nominated • Southerners had their own meeting in Baltimore-nominated VP John Breckenridge of KY • Constitutional Union party • Old Whigs & Know-Nothings • Compromise • John Bell of TN

  21. M. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union • Republicans convention in Chicago • Favored candidate- William Seward • Lincoln 2nd choice- fewer enemies • Platform • Free-soilers • No extension of slavery • Protections for immigrants • Internal improvements • Free farm homesteads • Lincoln against slavery, but not for immediate emancipation- didn’t make any statements to ease southern fears

  22. Wide Awakes

  23. N. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 • Final vote • Lincoln- 180 • Douglas- 12 • Breckenridge- 72 • Bell- 39 • Could Dems have won if undivided? • Numbers say no- 169-134 • Would have entered united • Dems. still controlled the Congress & majority in SC

  24. O. The Secessionist Exodus • SC seceded 4 days after Lincoln’s election- Dec. 1860 • Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas (6 wks) • Met at Montgomery AL- CSA Feb. 1861 • Jefferson Davis of MS • Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia to follow • James Buchanan did nothing- personal weakness & Const. • Army scattered • North not yet willing to fight

  25. P. The Collapse of Compromise • December 1860 – Committee of 33 • John J. Crittenden’s Compromise • All territories north of 36 30 closed to slavery • South of 36 30 open to slavery regardless of pop. Sov. • Lincoln rejected Crittenden Compromise • Against his principles • Must bear responsibility

  26. Peace Conference at the Willard Hotel (Washington Peace Conference) • “Old Gentleman’s Convention” • February 1861 • Presided over by John Tyler • Proposed a 13th Amendment guaranteeing slavery where it already existed. • Pass House and Senate (1 vote to spare) • Never ratified by states

  27. Q. Farewell to the Union • Mainly regarding slavery • Political balance • Republican Party • Abolitionists • Way to cast off northern “vasalage” • Looked at it as the same as the Revolutionary War

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