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Cultures Meet

Cultures Meet. Unit 2. Vocabulary. Bias – an unfair preference or dislike for something Columbian exchange – The route of trade among African, Asia and the Americas following Columbus’ trip Cultivate – to prepare land for planting Elite – an exclusive group; superior

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Cultures Meet

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  1. Cultures Meet Unit 2

  2. Vocabulary • Bias – an unfair preference or dislike for something • Columbian exchange – The route of trade among African, Asia and the Americas following Columbus’ trip • Cultivate – to prepare land for planting • Elite – an exclusive group; superior • Forge – a furnace used to heat metal to a very high temperature • Indigenous – native to the land • Provincial- coming from a province or simple, unsophisticated way of thinking • Renaissance – A period of time I European 16th century characterized by a flourishing of the arts • Tribute – A gift or token of appreciation

  3. Strangers Off the Coast • 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano landed on NCs coast. • Looking for an easy way to sail around the world • Reached the Outer Banks and saw the Pamlico Sound on the other side with no land and thought the sound was the Pacific. • Drew a map of NC as a great body of water

  4. New Connections • Late 1400s Europeans developed better sailing ships • Merchants and rulers began to finance expeditions to explore the globe • Curious about land • Eager to make money • Spread Christianity

  5. Connections • Sailed down West African coast • Gold and spices • West coast of Africa, western Europe and east coast of Americas would be • African, European and Native American traditions were unique • To understand NC, must understand their cultures

  6. North Carolina’s Natives • How do we know what we know? • Artifacts • Native peoples left behind clues • Heavy pointed spears for large animals • Painted pottery for artistic pursuits • Shells found inland indicated long trade routes • Oral traditions • Handed down stories and legends for generations • Showed how they viewed the world • European Records • Wrote descriptions of natives and their cultures • Are biased due to lack of understanding

  7. Life with the Seasons • NC tribes • Different from each other • Common characteristics • Lives revolved around the seasons • Men cleared brush and trees from community fields • Women planted corn, peas and beans • Men hunted and women gathered nuts, berries and roots • Lived to survive

  8. Villages and Chiefs • Collective society • Property could not be bought or sold • Land belonged to everyone • Crops were shared among all families • Led by chiefs advised by tribal councils • Chiefdom made of several towns • War was common between chiefdoms • Chief is spiritual and political leader • Encourage balance and harmony • Redistribute food to the needy • Generous to strangers

  9. A Spiritual World • Believed the world was spiritual • Plants, animals and landscape • All actions by people had meaning • Sought to keep natural world in harmony • Rituals to purify themselves

  10. Moving Around • Moved to find food • Traveled to trade • Walked or used dugout canoes (used rivers like we used roads) • Large tree trunks • Light a fire in the log • Scraped out burned wood • Carved until they had a flat bottom and straight sides

  11. Learning from Legends • Native children learned legends (stories about the past) • Talked about good things people did • Stories were • History of how a group of people came to be • Explained things – why the stars were in the sky • How to treat all living things with respect

  12. West African Kingdoms • Similar to Native Americans • Believed in many spirits • Made living from the land • Avid traders • Famous for weaving cloth, forging iron ornaments • Ruled by wealthy elites, controlled trade • Assisted Europeans in slave trade

  13. The Kingdom of Kongo • Prosperous • Southwest coast • Lively trade (crops and people) • Regions had an economy based on natural resources • Government • 8 provinces • Governor and local officials • King elected by members of elite group of rulers • Religious leaders had great power • King lived in center of the kingdom • Large complex of huts and gardens • Other leaders built homes nearby • Center of education and trade • Governor sent the king a tribute of local goods • King redistributed them among provincial leaders • Kings power came from control of trade

  14. Kongo Rituals • Bakongo, Kongo people • Universe divided into living and dead • Spirits cycled between the two words • Creator, earth, sky and ancestor spirits that held influence over everyday life • Elaborate rituals, costumed dancers, represented spirits, took part • Made charms used to ward off evil spirits • Decorated graves • Helped focus the spirit of the dead • White symbols – world of the dead • Enslaved people from the Kongo brought traditions to America

  15. European Renaissance • Rebirth • 15th Century, growth and prosperity • Agriculture practices improved food production • Sparked population growth • Trade expanded throughout Europe • Contact helped develop science, technology and art • Universities grew and scientists shared their discoveries • European rulers took advantage of changes and financed • Ocean explorations, unification of kingdoms, education, religious tolerance and support of the arts • HUGE advances in shipbuilding and navigation

  16. Voyages to Africa • The Portuguese Lead • Sailed to African, searching for gold and spices • Claimed African islands as Portuguese territory • Motive was economic but they claimed religion • Catholics who believed all land belonged to God • God’s representative on Earth was the Pope • Pope could give lands governed by non-Christians to Christians • They gained the right to land if they converted the people to Christianity OR kill or enslave them if they resisted

  17. Africa’s Defense • Portuguese thought they could take over African kingdoms • Kongo raised an army of 80k • Had small ships that kept Europeans out of rivers • Disease • Deadly tropical diseases Europeans never encountered • Thousands of Europeans died • Europeans decided to settle for trade rather than settling lands

  18. Portuguese Trade • Africans welcomed European trade • Increased king’s powers by redistributing European goods • Some used Christianity in their religious beliefs • Portuguese traded their way around the coast of Africa and finally reached India • Portugal became wealthy

  19. Exploring the New World • Columbus • Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain financed • Landed in Bahamas • Saw native peoples, thought he was in India so he called the peoples indians…. • Tried to find gold, killed or enslaved natives • No riches for Columbus

  20. Other Explorers Follow • English • John Cabot • Newfoundland/Nova Scotia • Maryland • French • Canada – native work meaning village or settlement • Explorers claimed land for French • Early people were traders and did not “settle”

  21. John Cabot • John Boy himself…

  22. Cabot • Voyage to Nova Scotia

  23. Other cont’d • Spanish • Central and South America • De Soto • Florida to Arkansas • Through NC • Treated natives badly • Pardo • North and South Carolina • Tried to build good relationships with the natives

  24. de Soto • Hernando de Soto

  25. Voyage • de Soto’s voyage through the Americas

  26. Claiming the Americas • Conquering was easier than Africa • Disease • European diseases (smallpox) • Killed millions • Wiped out entire communities • Within 60 years Europeans controlled Caribbean islands and South and Central America

  27. The Rise of Sugar Plantations • Americans were a source of profit • South and Central Americans had gold and silver, which Spanish took • Sugar plantations • Large farms growing crops on large scale • Require much labor • Europeans established in Brazil, Jamaica, Barbados and Cuba • Europeans fell in LOVE with sugar • Ate more sweet things and increased the demand for sugar leading to more plantations

  28. Sugar Plantations • Slaves on a sugar plantation

  29. Processing sugar • Hand cutting sugar cane

  30. Producing Sugar • Hard Work • Sugarcane grows in hottest climates • Has to be hand planted and hand cut • Cut canes, crushed them with large stones and boiled juice into molasses or sugar • Worked 20 hour days to process • Deadly places • Died from heat and exhaustion • Accidents

  31. Sugar cont’d • Owners enslaved natives for workforce • Disease killed natives or they escaped • Enslaved Africans • Profitable • Owners could buy a group of slaves • Work them to death • Buy a new group to replace them • Paved the way for slavery to spread further into North America

  32. The Growth of the African Slave Trade • Increased plantations = increased laborers • African rulers take advantage of this slave market • King of Kongo • Did not sell his own people • Gave traders money to go buy African slaves • Other Africans were kidnapped and enslaved by both Europeans and Africans • Over 1 million in Americas by early 1600s

  33. Exchange routes • Exchange of goods

  34. Columbian Exchange • Exchange of agricultural products AND things like germs, religious beliefs and artistic styles From America TO America Maize (corn) wheat Potato sugar Sweet potato banana Beans rice Peanut grape Squash olive oil Pumpkin dandelion Peppers chicken Pineapple pig Tomato cow Cocoa goat

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