Women and the Technologies of Agriculture and Horticulture

1. Women and the Technologies of Agriculture and Horticulture Cultivation, Tools and Animal Husbandry Presented by Team Super Women

2. Team Super Women Shari Wright Joyce Suk Yin Chan Sarah Gutierrez Kelley Gee Elvia Castro

3. What is food? • Food (which includes many types of drinks) is made up of nutrients. By formal definition, food is any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue.

4. What is Food? Cont. In other words food is fuel! Yet food has taken on many other informal definitions in our society. Food for some is nutrition but it also provides emotional support, gratitude, and or a social climate amongst many other things.

5. What is Food? Cont.

6. What is Food? Foods Grouped in Biological Science Animal: Eggs, Dairy, Muscle Meats, Organ Meats Plant: Plants, Legumes, Cereals and Grains, Fruits, Nuts, Herbs and Spices Microbiological: Yeast, Beer, Wine, Soy Sauce Confectionary: Candy, Sweets Insect: Honey Water Soil: Usually a contaminant but some cultures deliberately cook with it. i.e. Aboriginals in Australia and in Iran

7. What is Food Processing? Examples… • Milling • Blanching • Fermentation • Storage • Cooking • Frying • Freezing • Boiling • Detoxing • Preserving • Increasing Consistencies …But Why Do We Do it? Food Processing is a series of physical processes and techniques used to take raw ingredients, or transform food into other forms of consumption

8. Why Process Food? Make food safe To provide products of the highest quality To make foods into forms that are convenient

9. Cooking History

10. Processes and Inventors

11. Inventions • Food Mill • designed to grind, mash, or puree foods • Usually comes with a selection of discs varying sizes • Extraction • The process of taking out ingredients to have a better or edible product. • Dishwasher (1886) • First working one created by Josephine Cochran • Wasn’t popular at first. • Toll House Cookies (1930) • Accidentally invented by Ruth Wakefield • Semi-sweet Nestle chocolate pieces fell into her cookie dough

12. Inventions • Frozen Pizza • Created by Rose Totino • Inventor of the first pizza dough suitable for freezing and subsequent baking. • Kellogg’s Corn Flakes (1906) • Accidentally invented by John Harvey and Will Keith Kellogg • Didn’t want to waste wheat so they made thin dough and toasted it. • Result were flakes. They were a big hit. • Kellogg founded the Kellogg’s company without Harvey. • Coffee • Goat farmer noticed his goats acting energetically after eating bright red berries (coffee beans). • Verified mood shift by also eating the berries. • Beer • At some point in time, somehow a piece of bread or grain was wet and then left to ferment. • a drink that is recorded as having made people feel "exhilarated, wonderful and blissful!

13. Inventors • Sybilla Masters • Cleansing, curing, and refining Indian corn and invented straw weaving for hats. • The world’s first recognized inventor • Madeline M. Turner (1916) • Turner’s fruit express • Invented the world’s first juicer.

14. Inventors • Louis Pasteur • Developed Pasteurization Process 1. Public health aspect 2. Keeping quality aspect • Rose Totino • Frozen Pizza • Ruth Wakefield • Toll House Cookies

15. Inventors • Margret Knight • Received over 20 patents and conceived almost 100 different inventions like rotary engine, shoe-cutting machine and a dress and skirt shield • Paper bag maker • Almost had her ideastolen by Charles Annan

16. Forms of Food Processing Removal of Toxins The detoxification process should remove undesirable chemicals, such as pesticides, insecticides and antibiotics out of the food supply. The processes range in complication.

17. Removal of Toxins • Irradiation • Cooking food destroys: • Bacteria/Parasites • Micro-Organisms • Poisons

18. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Milling • Milling is the process of cutting away material by feeding a work piece past a rotating multiple tooth cutter. The cutting action of the many teeth around the milling cutter provides a fast method of machining is used in the processing of cereals.

19. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Fermentation A further method of processing that is aimed at the control of undesirable microflora (Includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi.) is the deliberated addition of microorganisms and the use of fermentation.

20. Fermentation in Action: Processing Beer

21. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. • Vacuumed packed cans • Process made by Amanda Jones • Also invented the oil burning stove Controlled Storage Includes items such as Ziploc bags/boxes, Refrigerators, Water Bottles (BPA), and Cans.

22. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Example: Laura Scudder of Monterey Park, California, made and sold potato chips. She is also credited as being a pioneer of the “snack” industry. She is responsible for the innovation that is so widely and conveniently enjoyed…the potato chip bag! Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.

23. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Freezing • Lowering the temperature below the freezing point of the product stops microorganisms from growing and reduces the activity of enzymes. Vegetables and some fruits are heat treated (blanched) before freezing to eliminate enzymes. •  Example: ice cream, frozen fruits, vegetables ect. Cooking to prepare (food) by the use of heat, as by boiling, baking, or roasting. to subject (anything) to the application of heat.

24. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Boiling The rapid vaporization of a liquid Blanching To scald briefly and then drain, as peaches or almonds to facilitate removal of skins, or as rice or macaroni to separate the grains or strands. To scald or parboil (meat or vegetables) so as to whiten, remove the odor, prepare for cooking by other means, etc.

25. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Baker putting bread into an oven with a peel, 1568 Baking Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by convection, and not by radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones

26. Forms of Food ProcessingCont. Frying The technique of cooking food in oil and fat.

27. Accidental Discoveries! Ice Cream Cones Rhubarb Oyster Sauce Worcestershire Sauce Brandy Tofu Chocolate Iceberg Lettuce Chocolate chip cookies Cheese Raisins Saccharin Sourdough Popsicles Potato Chips Wheaties Sandwiches

28. Food Politics By formal definition, Food Politics are the political aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection and distribution of food.  Basically what and who influences what, how, how often and even where we eat!

29. Examples if Food Politics Ever wonder why there are hardly any grocery stores in economically depressed neighborhoods but yet there is a fast food restaurant on every corner?  Food Politics are affected by culture, ethics, environment, science and technology.

30. Food Politics: Culture Traditionally cooking has been innovation by women. However this culture changed over time as the cultivation and preparation of food. Grew from a domestic task to a large scale operation. It became less of a preparation of meals and more of a management of workers, equipment, wealth and power. Men began to take over the politics of food because traditionally only men had power and women did not have power

31. Culture Examples Jean SlutskyNidetch invented Weight Watchers Why are the majority of meals that are served in the home prepared by women but yet the majority of professional chefs are men?

32. Food Politics: Ethics Example: EldressEmeline Hart invented a revolving oven. However, this oven was patented by a man named Shakers Unfair patent practice against women inventors in 19th century. Women were not allowed to hold patents, and in order to patent something, had to proxy it though a male.

33. Food Ethics • Is it alright to feed animals by-products of foods? • Tagging, tracking, transporting, trading, and processing; • Is it “humane” to treat animals in such a way? Developing and managing techniques involved with animal husbandry raises many questions.

34. Ethics Examples Who dictates what the “healthy choices” that schools serve for lunch will be?

35. Food Politics: Environment Environmental changes over times also affect production, safety and distribution of food. Example: Lady Ann Vavasour, inventor of Woodcroft, says that she came up the idea of making Woodcroft by the observation Italian vineyard workers breaking up the soil around the vines with their long, bent forks.

36. Food Politics: Science Example: Barbara J. Bruce and Thomas H. Freaser devised a bovine growth hormone that can increases milk production. Example: Mary-Dell Chilton developed the first method for introducing foreign genes into plant cells and reliably producing normal fertile plants.

37. Technology Through technology, women invented different products to enhance production food. Example: Rebecca Johnson made her hens an incubator, a warm house, where she kept them all day in to cold winter in orderto increase chicken production and baby chicks.

38. Technology • Women invented 14 types of Stock-raising equipment in the 20thcentury:

39. Technology • Women also patented 35 items of “Dairy supplies and equipment” of 20 types in the 20th century

40. Any Questions? LAST CHANCE! Are you SURE you want to continue?

41. Quiz Time! • Soil is usually a contaminant in foods except for the two cultures that deliberately use it in food preparation. Name the two cultures. • What was Laura Scudder known for? • Name 3 foods that were created on accident. • Name 2 reasons to process food. • Women invented how many types of Stock-raising equipment in the 20th century?

42. Congratulate Yourself! No more questions, we Promise! …Because we’re finished!

43. Thanks for Watching!

44. Bibliography http://www.foodscience.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/pasteurization.html http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljones.htm http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldishwasher.htm http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/tollhouse.htm http://www.minnesotainventors.org/inductees/rose-totino.html http://www.alabev.com/history.htm http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmasters.htm http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/turner.html http://www.minnesotainventors.org/inductees/rose-totino.html http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/tollhouse.htm http://www.women-inventors.com/Margaret-Knight.asp