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KEY WORDS: Electron Proton Neutron Shell Electronic Configuration Covalent/Ionic/Metallic

Learn about sodium, ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, electron configurations, properties of ionic compounds, covalent molecules, metallic substances, giant covalent substances, isotopes, moles, rates of reaction, energy reactions, electrolysis, acids, alkalis, salts in this comprehensive revision guide.

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KEY WORDS: Electron Proton Neutron Shell Electronic Configuration Covalent/Ionic/Metallic

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  1. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 1 – STRUCTURES & BONDING Draw the symbol for sodium include its mass number and atomic number (what do they tell us) Complete the table Use pictures and words to describe each type of bonding: Ionic Covalent Metallic Fill in the table to show the number of electrons that can fit into the shell • Draw and write the electronic configuration for: • Sodium • Argon • What happens to the shells as you: • Go across a period • Go down a group KEY WORDS: Electron Proton Neutron Shell Electronic Configuration Covalent/Ionic/Metallic ASSESSMENT:

  2. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 2 – STRUCTURES & PROPERTIES IONIC COMPOUNDSWhat type of force holds the ions together? Draw a giant ionic lattice: Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points? Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water? SIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULESHow strong are the forces between covalent molecules? [intermolecular forces] How does this affect their melting and boiling point How strong are the forces between atoms in a covalent bond? [intramolecular bonds] GIANT METALLIC SUBSTANCESWhy can metals be bent and shaped? What are delocalised electrons? Why do metals conduct electricity? GIANT COVALENT SUBSTANCESName 3 of these substances: Why is graphite slippery and conduct electricity KEY WORDS: Diamond Graphite Intermolecular Intramolecular Delocalised ASSESSMENT:

  3. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 3 – HOW MUCH? • Write how many there are in: • Na11 • Electrons: • Protons: • Neutrons: • What is an isotope? What is Ar? What is Mr? What is the Mr of C2H5OH? What is a mole? Balance the equation and say how many moles of each substance there are: H2 + O2 H2O What is percentage yield and what is the equation to calculate it? What is atom economy and what is the equation to calculate it? What is the symbol for a reversible reaction? Explain what happens after we add just reactants to a reversible reaction? [HIGHER TIER] 23 What is the Haber process? What are the raw materials? What is the reaction equation? What conditions are required? KEY WORDS: Reversible Haber Process Relative Atomic Mass Relative Formula Mass Isotope Moles ASSESSMENT:

  4. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 4 – RATES OF REACTION What do we mean by ‘rate of reaction’? What 4 factors affect the rate of a reaction? What must happen for a reaction to occur? What is the smallest amount of energy that must be overcome for a reaction to occur? How does surface area affect rate of reaction? Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction [think about: kinetic energy & number of collisions] Draw diagrams to represent it: Explain the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction Draw diagrams to represent it? Low concn High concn What do catalysts do? What happens to them during a reaction? Low temp High temp KEY WORDS: Collision Theory Catalyst Activation Energy Rate of Reaction Concentration Temperature ASSESSMENT:

  5. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 5 – ENERGY & REACTIONS What are exothermic reactions? Give an example and explain why it is exothermic? What are endothermic reactions? Give an example and explain why it is endothermic If a reaction is exothermic how can we increase yield? Why do we settle for a higher than expected temperature in the Haber process? If a reaction produces a smaller volume of gases how can we increase yield? Why do we have to compromise with a lower than expected pressure in the Haber process What can you say about energy in a reversible reaction? [Think: exo and endothermic] Describe the anhydrous copper sulphate reversible reaction What can anhydrous copper sulphate be used to test for? KEY WORDS: Collision Theory Catalyst Activation Energy Rate of Reaction Concentration Temperature ASSESSMENT:

  6. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 6 – ELECTROLYSIS What is electrolysis? What do we call the substance that is broken down during electrolysis What is the positive electrode called? What is the negative electrode called? Label a diagram showing the electrolysis of copper bromide What ions are formed? How is the electrolysis of copper different? [Draw a diagram to help] What 3 products are made when we electrolyse brine? Give a use for each? What does OILRIG stand for? Describe the movement of ions and electrons at each electrode when potassium iodide is electrolysed What happens when we carry out electrolysis in water? KEY WORDS: Electrolysis Cathode Anode Oxidation Reduction ASSESSMENT:

  7. C2 REVISION – CHAPTER 7 – ACIDS, ALKALIS & SALTS What is a base? What is an alkali What ions make something acidic? What is another name for an acid? P__________ D__________ What ions make something alkali? What is the pH scale? What is produced when an acid and an alkali react?Acid + Alkali  What type of reaction is this called? How can this reaction be simplified using just the ions involved? What is a precipitation reaction? How can we make ammonium hydroxide? What happens when we add nitric acid to it? What is produced when an acid and a metal react? Acid + Metal  Give a specific example: What is produced when an acid and a base react? Acid + Base  Give a specific example: Describe 2 uses for acids and alkalis in the ‘real world’ KEY WORDS: Acid Base Alkali pH scale Indicator Precipitate ASSESSMENT:

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