1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms

1. 1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms • Define the following terms: • homeostasis • the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best. • metabolism • physical and chemical processes by which substances are produced or broken down into energy or products for use by the body. • organs • structural units in the human body that perform specific functions.

2. 1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms Define the following terms: tissues groups of cells that perform similar tasks. cells basic structural units of the body that divide, develop, and die, renewing tissues and organs.

3. 1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms • REMEMBER: • Signs are what the NA actually sees, hears, feels, or smells. Symptoms are not directly seen by the NA, but reported by the resident.

4. 1. Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms It is important for NAs to know these anatomical terms of location: Anterior or ventral (front of the body or body part) Posterior or dorsal (back of the body or body part) Superior (toward the head) Inferior (away from the head) Medial (toward the midline of the body) Lateral (to the side away from the midline of the body) Proximal (closer to the torso) Distal (farther away from the torso)

5. 2. Describe the integumentary system Define the following terms: integument a natural protective covering. dilate to widen. constrict to narrow.

6. Transparency 9-1: The Integumentary System

7. 2. Describe the integumentary system NAs should know these important points about the integumentary system: Body’s largest organ and system Natural protective covering Prevents excessive loss of water and injury to internal organs Skin made of tissue and glands Skin is a sense organ. Regulates body temperature

8. 2. Describe the integumentary system The following are normal changes of aging in the integumentary system: Thinner, drier, more fragile skin Less elastic skin Thinning fatty tissue can cause person to feel colder Thinner, gray hair Wrinkles and brown spots Nails harder and more brittle Dry, itchy skin due to lack of oil from sebaceous glands

9. 2. Describe the integumentary system Think about this question: The orange box on p. 129 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the integumentary system. In what other ways might NAs help?

10. 2. Describe the integumentary system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the integumentary system: Pale, white, reddened, or purple areas Blisters or bruises Complaints of tingling, warmth, or burning Dry or flaking skin Itching or scratching Rashes or discoloration Swelling Cuts, boils, sores, wounds, abrasions

11. 2. Describe the integumentary system Signs and symptoms related to the integumentary system (cont’d): Fluid or blood draining from skin Broken skin Changes in moistness/dryness Changes in wound or ulcer Redness or broken skin between toes or around toenails Scalp or hair changes Skin that appears different from normal In darker complexions, look for change in the feel of the tissue or appearance of the skin (e.g., “orange peel” look)

12. 3. Describe the musculoskeletal system Define the following terms: bones rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, protect organs, and allow the body to move. joint the place at which two bones meet. muscles groups of tissues that provide movement of body parts, protection of organs, and creation of body heat.

13. 3. Describe the musculoskeletal system Define the following terms: atrophy the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use. contracture the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle, usually due to lack of activity.

14. Transparency 9-2: The Musculoskeletal System

15. 3. Describe the musculoskeletal system NAs should know these important points about the musculoskeletal system: Human body has 206 bones. Two bones meet at joint (for movement). Joints make movement possible in either all directions or in one direction only. Muscles provide movement and produce body heat. Physical activity/exercise increases circulation, increasing blood flow to organs and tissues. Inactivity can cause depression, pneumonia, constipation, UTIs, loss of self-esteem, and blood clots. Muscles develop atrophy or contractures from inactivity. ROM exercises help prevent atrophy or contractures.

16. 3. Describe the musculoskeletal system The following are normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal system: Muscles weaken and lose tone. Body movement slows. Bones lose density and become more brittle. Joints can stiffen/become painful. Height is gradually lost.

17. 3. Describe the musculoskeletal system Think about this question: The orange box on pp. 130-31 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the musculoskeletal system. In what other ways might NAs help?

18. 3. Describe the musculoskeletal system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the musuloskeletal system: Changes in movement and activity Changes in ability to do ROMs Pain during movement New or increased swelling of joints White, shiny, red, or warm areas over joints Bruising Aches and pains reported by resident

19. 4. Describe the nervous system Define the following terms: central nervous system (CNS) part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord. peripheral nervous system (PNS) part of the nervous system made up of the nerves that extend throughout the body.

20. Transparency 9-3: The Nervous System

21. 4. Describe the nervous system NAs should know these important points about the nervous system: Control and message center of body Controls and coordinates all body functions Senses information from outside the body Two main parts: central nervous system (brain) and peripheral nervous system (nerves)

22. 4. Describe the nervous system The following are normal changes of aging in the nervous system: Slower responses and reflexes Decrease in sensitivity of nerve endings in skin Some memory loss, more often with short-term memory

23. 4. Describe the nervous system Think about this question: The orange box on pp. 132-33 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the nervous system. In what other ways might NAs help?

24. 4. Describe the nervous system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the nervous system: Fatigue or pain with movement Shaking or trembling Inability to move one side of body Difficulty speaking or slurring of speech Numbness or tingling Disturbance or change in vision or hearing

25. 4. Describe the nervous system Signs and symptoms related to the nervous system (cont’d): Dizziness or loss of balance Changes in eating or fluid intake Difficulty swallowing Bowel or bladder changes Depression or mood changes Memory loss or confusion Violent behavior Unusual or unexplained change in behavior Decreased ability to perform ADLs

26. Transparency 9-4: Parts of the Eye

27. Transparency 9-5: The Ear

28. 4. Describe the nervous system Think about this question: What are the other sense organs in the human body?

29. 4. Describe the nervous system The following are normal changes of aging to a person’s senses: Reduced vision and hearing (sense of balance may be affected) Decreased senses of taste, touch, and smell Decreased sensitivity to heat and cold

30. 4. Describe the nervous system Think about this question: The orange box on pp. 134 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to their senses. In what other ways might NAs help?

31. 4. Describe the nervous system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the sense organs: Changes in vision or hearing Signs of infection Dizziness Complaints of pain in eyes or ears

32. 5. Describe the circulatory system Define the following terms: systole phase where the heart is at work, contracting and pushing blood out of the left ventricle. diastole phase when the heart relaxes or rests.

33. Transparency 9-6: The Circulatory System

34. 5. Describe the circulatory system NAs should know these important points about the circulatory system: Made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood Blood carries food, oxygen, and essential substances to cells. Heart has four chambers (two atria/upper chambers and two ventricles/lower chambers). Heart functions in two phases: resting phase—diastole (chambers fill with blood) and contracting phase—systole (ventricles pump blood).

35. 5. Describe the circulatory system Important points about the circulatory system (cont’d): Major functions are to: Supply food, oxygen, and hormones to cells Produce and supply antibodies Remove waste products from cells Control body temperature

36. 5. Describe the circulatory system The following are normal changes of aging in the circulatory system: Heart pumps less efficiently Decreased blood flow Narrowed blood vessels

37. 5. Describe the circulatory system Think about this question: The orange box on p. 136 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the circulatory system. In what other ways might NAs help?

38. 5. Describe the circulatory system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the circulatory system: Changes in pulse rate Weakness or fatigue Loss of ability to perform ADLs Swelling of hands and feet Pale or blue hands, feet, or lips Chest pain Weight gain Shortness of breath, changes in breathing patterns, inability to catch breath Severe headache Inactivity, which can lead to circulatory problems

39. 6. Describe the respiratory system Define the following terms: respiration the process of breathing air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs. inspiration breathing in. expiration exhaling air out of the lungs. sputum thick mucus coughed up from the lungs.

40. Transparency 9-7: The Respiratory System

41. 6. Describe the respiratory system NAs should know these important points about the respiratory system: Inspiration is breathing in and expiration is breathing out by the lungs. Functions are To bring oxygen into body To eliminate carbon dioxide produced by the body

42. 6. Describe the respiratory system The following are normal changes of aging in the respiratory system: Loss of lung strength Decreased lung capacity Decreased oxygen in the blood Weakened voice

43. 6. Describe the respiratory system Think about this question: The orange box on p. 137 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the respiratory system. In what other ways might NAs help?

44. 6. Describe the respiratory system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the respiratory system: Changes in respiratory rate Shallow breathing or breathing through pursed lips Coughing or wheezing Nasal congestion or discharge Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen tonsils Need to sit after mild exertion Pale, bluish, or gray lips or extremities Pain in chest Discolored sputum (yellow, green, gray, or bloody)

45. 7. Describe the urinary system Define the following terms: urinary incontinence the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine.

46. Transparency 9-8: The Urinary System

47. 7. Describe the urinary system NAs should know these important points about the urinary system: Functions are: To eliminate wastes To maintain water balance

48. 7. Describe the urinary system The following are normal changes of aging in the urinary system: Reduced ability of kidneys to filter blood Weakened bladder muscle tone Bladder holds less urine causing more frequent urination Bladder may not empty completely, causing more susceptibility to infection

49. 7. Describe the urinary system Think about this question: The orange box on p. 138 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the urinary system. In what other ways might NAs help?

50. 7. Describe the urinary system NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the urinary system: Weight loss or gain Swelling in extremities Painful urination or burning during urination Changes in urine (cloudy, odor, color) Change in frequency or amount of urine Swelling in abdominal/bladder area Complaints that bladder feels full or painful Urinary incontinence Pain in kidney or back/flank Inadequate fluid intake