Life in the Middle Ages: Society, Knighthood, and Everyday Living

2. 2 Feudal Society Under the feudal system, everyone had a well-defined place in society.

3. Feudalism • Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. • In exchange, lesser lords, or vassals,pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. • Fief-land given to the vassal. Serfs were bound to the land. They were not slaves, yet they were not free. Serfs made up the majority of the population in medieval society.

5. So how do these people live? • Most people in the middle ages lived on a manor or a lord’s estate. • Including: Lord and his family, his knights and foot soldiers, and his serfs.

7. Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Knights • warriors on horseback searching for glory on battlefield so a higher noble would grant them a fief and make them a vassal • follow code of chivalry • Code that required knights to be brave, loyal, and treat women with respect • Only applies to nobles

8. Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Knights • serve God and lord • provided protection for lords and estates • skill with weapons • Code of Chivalry • brave • loyal • courteous • respectful • honorable • truthfulness

10. Knighthood • Page • age 7-14 • serve women of the manor • learn manners • religion, reading, writing, poetry, singing, lute playing • Squire • age 14-21 • serve lord and knights • maintain lord’s armor and equipment • maintain stables and groomed horses • learn hunting, hawking, chess • Knight

11. Knighthood • Sponsor • not usually father (may be another relative) • present knight with armaments • squire could not become knight without sponsor • not all squires were sponsored to become knights • Vigil of Arms • night before becoming knight, dedicated to prayer and fasting • wear white and red • white = purity • red = willingness to shed blood for lord • Accolade • kneel before lord and give him sword

14. Life in the Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Tournaments • entertainment for all • 3 to 4 days • various forms of competition • all aspects of warfare • knights show off fighting skills • form of military training • winners claimed horses & armor of losers • or demanded ransom • celebrations of marriages or diplomatic events

15. Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Serfs • common people bound to the land • worked for a noble in return for protection • peasant of lowest class • society based on their labor on land • no power

16. Middle Ages: 500-1500 Women • inferior to men • taught to be meek and obedient to fathers and husbands • peasants worked in fields • noblewomen ran estates when husbands absent • women with land had same rights as men • upon husband’s death, entitled to 1/3 • forfeited lands and rights to husband upon marriage • single, hair loose • married, cover hair (sign of modesty)

17. Life in the Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Peasant homes • cold, damp, dark (warmer and lighter outside) • rarely more than 1-2 rooms • windows • very small openings, for security • wooden shutters • thatched roofs • easily destroyed • sleep with animals

18. Life in the Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Clothing • woolen • linen undergarments • signs of wealth • brighter colors • better materials • decorated with silver and gold • lined with fur • longer jacket length • lavish jewelry • leather • buttons for decoration • clothes tied on • Medieval hats

19. Had soap Decline of cities led to a decline in access to running water and public baths Public baths appeared again in the later Middle Ages during the growth of cities. The wealthy could afford bath tubs Some castles had bathing rooms and a person whose job was just to get baths ready for the family. Hygiene

20. Hygiene • Poor could not afford bathtubs • Had wooden barrels • Full immersion rare • Labor to get and heat the water • Usually used a bucket, soap, and a cloth • Yearly bathing is an extreme exaggeration (probably started because the poor rarely fully immersed themselves and because of poor bathing customs of the Renaissance). • Had soap but no deodorant, shampoo, or toothpaste.

21. Life in the Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Health • no adequate health care system • limited medical knowledge • poor hygienic conditions • almost impossible to cure diseases • bloodletting popular cure • early surgery done by barbers with no anesthesia • medical treatment mainly for wealthy • doctors mostly in cities and courts • herbal remedies (some earthworms, urine, animal excrement) • Medieval medicine

23. Leprosy

24. Life in the Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Entertainment • music critical aspect of religious and secular life • public worship in form of drama • stories from Bible • costumes and musical instruments • outside churches or in marketplaces • Medieval music

25. Life in the Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Hunting • entertainment for nobility • important activity

26. Homes of the Wealthy Castles

27. Medieval Castles • First appear in Europe in 9th Century • introduced to England by Normans in 11th Century • Important role in medieval warfare • Early castles were motte & bailey (wood)

28. Medieval Castles • Nobles built castles to control and defend their land • Residence for the noble but also for defense • base from which to wield power • nobles fought for power and territory • military architecture • simple wooden → complex stone structures

29. Medieval Castles • No standard plans – each one is unique • similar defenses • same named structure parts • Improvements & reinforcements made as methods of warfare advanced • Warfare dominated by the siege

31. 1 Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church During feudal times, monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society but had limited power. Nobles and the Church had as much—or more—power than the monarchs.

32. Development of England • Angles, Saxons, and Vikings settled in England • Feudalism developed • English rulers kept kingdom united • 1066 King Edward the Confessor dies • no heir • council of nobles chose Harold

33. Development of England • Duke William of Normandy • claims throne • raises army • backed by pope • Battle of Hastings in 1066 • William and knights defeat King Harold • last invasion of England

34. Battle of Hastings

35. Development of England • Bayeux Tapestry • chronicles Norman conquest • http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk • valuable piece of historical evidence

36. Development of England • Henry II • foundations of English Common Law • legal system based on custom and court rulings • protects property • early jury system • married Eleanor of Aquitaine • vast holdings in France

37. Eleanor of Aquitaine

38. Development of England and France • Eleanor of Aquitaine • first married to France’s King Louis VII • joined Second Crusade • wore armor and rode horse with other Crusaders • she ended marriage to Louis VII • married England’s King Henry II • 8 children • Richard (“the Lion-Hearted”) • John • spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II • revolt failed • 15 years in prison

39. Richard I (Lionheart) John I

40. Development of England • Magna Carta - 1215 • King John is forced to sign the Magna Carta by the nobles. • 1st document in English history where monarch does not have complete or absolute power • created limited monarchy • ideas still influence systems of government in many countries around world today

41. Development of England • Magna Carta - 1215 • places King of England under law • statement of rights for noblemen • protects privileges of lords • recognizes legal rights of townspeople and Church • king agrees not to raise taxes without consulting the Great Council • representative body of lords and clergy • in 1200s, evolves intoParliament

43. 1 Successful Monarchs in France Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.

44. Development of France • Louis IX • most admired of his time • generous, noble, devoted to justice & chivalry • deeply religious, declared a saint • led France in 2 wars against Muslims • improved royal government • outlawed private wars • ended serfdom • created strong national feeling (nationalism) • established absolute monarchy (complete authority) • St. Louis named for Louis IX

45. Louis IX – St. Louis

46. Development of France • Philip IV • established Estates General

47. Development of France • Estates General • French legislature • includes reps from all 3 estates, or classes • clergy, nobles, townspeople • did not develop same role at British Parliament • never gained power of purse • never served as balance to royal power

48. Development of France and England • France • Absolute Monarchy • England • Limited Monarchy