Self-esteem is how much you like, accept and respect yourself. How much you value yourself

1. Self-image Self-esteem Self-esteem is how much you like, accept and respect yourself. How much you value yourself Is the mental picture we have of ourselves. • Self-esteem can change on a daily basis. Things that can affect self-esteem include: • The attitude of parents, carers and families • Success or lack of it at school or work • The comments of friends • A person’s positive or negative self-image is influenced by such things as: • Personal appearance • The media – televisions, magazines images of what is attractive and expected • Comparison with other people • The comments of other people People with low self-esteem may believe they are worthless and that no one will like them. Life stages Growth and Development Growth is a change in size and weight and is easy to measure, for example height/ weight, where as development is different because it involves acquiring new skills and capabilities for example being able to count or write.

2. Can you identify the different life stage people pass through and their age range? In your own words write down the difference between growth and development. Define the term self-esteem. Define the term self-image.

3. Fine Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills Is the ability to control and co-ordinate the movements of the hands and fingers. Is the ability to control and co-ordinate the movement of the large limbs of the body. Examples of Gross Motor Skills Examples of Fine Motor Skills • Crawling • Walking • Running • Kicking • Throw and Catching • Hopping • Jumping • Holding a spoon • Drawing • Writing • Painting • Colouring • Holding a bottle The difference between fine and gross motor skills. Infancy (0-2) Physical Development Gross motor skills is the ability to control and co-ordinate the movement of the large limbs of the body e.g. crawling, where as fine motor is different because it is the ability to control and co-ordinate the movements of the hands and fingers e.g. writing or holding a spoon or picking up an object.

4. Explain, using examples, the difference between fine and gross motor skills. Physical Development in Infancy (0-2) Muscle Control Define the term fine-motor? Identify three fine motor skills. Define the term gross-motor? Identify three gross motor skills.

5. Types of play Social development in Infancy (0-2) • Early relationship development in infancy is based on interaction with others and this shapes social development. • These relationships act as a model for future relationships. • The main relationships in infancy are those with parents, carers and brothers and sisters. • Babies learn socially through play • In early infancy children play alone but as they grow older they begin to play fight first alongside others, and eventually with others and start to earn the process of sharing. Intellectual development in Infancy (0-2) Emotional development in infancy (0-2) • Is about thinking and the way the mind works. • At birth babies respond to the world through their senses • communicate mainly through sound. • Smiles and noises become the main way of communicating with carers. Infants babble a lot to express their feelings. • By 18 months most infants will know about six words • By 2 years most will be able to put two – three words together into a simple sentence • can only see the world from their own point of view. Known as egocentric. • During the first 2 years of life infants bond with those who care for them. (Bonding means to form an attachment with a parent or carer. ) • Up to about six months babies do not mind who holds them. • Between 7 & 12 months infants form strong bond with their main carers and will be very wary of strangers and often cry if held by others. This is know as the attachment process. • It is important that infants receive love/ affection during the attachment process as this influences emotional development throughout future life stages.

6. Emotional development in Infancy (0-2) Define the term bonding. Intellectual development in Infancy (0-2) Types of play Social development in Infancy (0-2)

7. Physical development in early childhood (3-8 years) • Development of gross and fine motor skills improves. • By the age of eight most children can do many activities independently. • At five, children can walk upstairs unaided and hold a crayon or pencil to draw and write. • By eight, children can usually catch and throw quite well and will have a good sense of balance. • Examples of Gross Motor Skills – Walking, Running, Kicking, Throw and Catching, Hopping • Examples of Fine Motor Skills – Drawing. Writing, Painting, Colouring Key aspects of human growth and development at each life stage Intellectual development in early childhood (3-8 years) Emotional development in early childhood (3-8 years) • Most children able to speak in full sentences- have quite good vocabulary. • Children start school -this helps with development of language and understanding of numbers. • Infancy uses senses, during childhood children have the ability to be able to think for themselves. • Children still tend to be egocentric, seeing the world from only their own viewpoint. • Children they learn how to act and behave in particular situations by watching others and asking questions. This is why it is important that children have positive role models in their lives. They learn morals – wright from wrong. • Ages of three to eight children will begin to learn how to handle their feelings. • Children can tell others when they feel happy or sad and begin to explain their feelings. • Children begin to develop their own self-concept.

8. Intellectual development in early childhood (3-8 years) Emotional development in early childhood (3-8 years) Physical development in early childhood (3-8 years)

9. Social development in early childhood (3-8 years) • Between three and eight years of age children begin to widen their social group and from friendships with others. • In the early part of this life stage children often have temper tantrums if they cannot have their own way. They learn how to share and cooperate with other people. • By the age of eight, children will usually have a number of friends and often have what they call a ‘best friend’. Exam Question Practice Scenario Kian is 6 years old. He lives with his mother, baby sister, Ella (9 months old), his grandfather and grandmother. Identify three fine motor skills Kian will have developed by the age of six. (3 marks) Identify three physical skills Kian has mastered that Ella couldn’t do infancy. (3 marks) Explain, using examples, the difference between fine and gross motor skills. (6 marks) Explain why having positive ‘role models’ is important for children. (4 marks)

10. Exam question practice Social development in early childhood (3-8 years)

11. Physical development in adolescence (9-18 years) • The main physical changes in puberty - sexual maturity, growth spurt, primary and secondary sexual characteristics • Rapid process of physical change caused as a result of hormonal change - Your reproductive organs start to function and changes in hormone level means that emotions become confused and you may feel under a lot of stress. • Physical changes in girls are caused by oestrogen • Physical changes in boys are caused by testosterone. Physical changes that occur during puberty Intellectual development in adolescence (9-18 years) Emotional development in adolescence (9-18 years) • Hormonal changes mean that adolescence can be a difficult time • Mood swings, Frustrations, Insecurities, Confusions – all common • Young people develop their own personality and identity. • Feelings of physical attraction towards others - start to explore their own sexuality. • Relationships are formed and sometimes maintained for a quite a long time, however many are short lived and teenager has to handle a whole new range of feelings and emotions to do with loss and grief. • Development of abstract thinking – this is the ability to think using concepts and ideas rather than through using objects and doing tasks. • Adolescents also begin to think in a more logical way to solve problems and can empathise – see things from other people perspective • Teenagers develops their own set of morals and ideas about what is right and wrong.

12. Emotional development in adolescence (9-18 years) Intellectual development in adolescence (9-18 years) Identify two physical changes that will happen during adolescence. Give two examples of physical changes which only happen to girls and two examples of physical changes which only happen to boys during Adolescence. State one physical change which happens to both girls and boys in adolescence. Physical development in adolescence (9-18 years)

13. Social Development in adolescence (9-18 years) • Young people tend to socialise more and have more independence and freedom. • Young people are influenced greatly by the views, opinions and behaviour of their close friends – this is known as peer group pressure- this can cause conflicts, as views of teenagers may be very different from the views of heir parents. • independence (activities promote independence, including performing tasks and activities for self, entering employment, learning to drive).

14. Give two benefits of having close friends for emotional development during adolescence. Social Development in adolescence (9-18 years)

15. Intellectual Development in middle adulthood (46-65) Physical Development in middle adulthood (46-65) • Some people return to education and study – they can learn new knowledge/new qualifications/ retraining • As we age, our memories might not be as quick as they once were, but older people have a lot of life experience. • Employment to learn new skills • The aging process begins to take effect in the human body. • Physical capabilities start to decline • lower energy levels than in early adulthood. • Sight and hearing may start to decline. • Skin begins to loose elasticity • Hair becomes greyer/ greying hair • menopause (description and main effects) • hair loss • loss of muscle tone Social Development in middle adulthood (46-65) Emotional Development in middle adulthood (46-65) • As children may have left the family home and become independent, middle – aged people often have more time on their hands and have more money to spend than ever before- provides opportunity for some people to extend their social lives. • Middle-aged people may start to build new relationships, travel more and just have more quality time to spend with their family. • Depending on high or low income people may not have money to go out and take part in social activities • In more difficult financial times, many middle aged people may have to support their adult children financially and help with child support. • Hormone changes take place in the body which can be linked to changing feelings and emotions - leads people to review their lives at this stage. • Some try to recapture their youth through behaving in ways similar to those in early adulthood. • They may dress younger than their years and start going out more/ try things they have never done before. • This sort of behaviour has led to the use of the phrase ‘mid-life crisis’. • Mid-life crisis – a dramatic period of self-doubt caused by the passing of youth and the moves into later adulthood.

16. Explain why middle adulthood may be a time of opportunity for individuals in this life stage. Emotional Development in middle adulthood (46-65) Define the term mid-life crisis. social Development in middle adulthood (46-65) Physical Development in middle adulthood (46-65) Identify three features that indicate that people are ageing. intellectual Development in middle adulthood (46-65)

17. Menopause in women during middle adulthood (46-65) Effects of the menopause on emotional well being. • Remember ONE definition below • The end of menstruation/periods • The end of a woman’s fertility • No longer able to get pregnant • Dropping/loss of hormone levels • Stop releasing eggs/ovulating • Mood swings • Depression/sadness • Irritability • Upset • Anxiety/stress/worry • Low self-esteem • Loss of confidence • Loss of fear of pregnancy • Happy as not having to deal with periods • Grief as no longer able to conceive/feel they’re at the final stage of life Empty-nest syndrome • Empty-nest syndrome is the name given to a psychological condition that can affect parents (most commonly women) around the time that their children leave home. • It's most common when teenagers go to college or university. • It can also happen when a child gets married, because matrimony is a clear signal that parents are no longer needed in the ways they once were.

18. Define the term empty-nest syndrome. Outline what is meant by the term menopause. Identify two effects that the menopause may have on Marta’s emotional well being. Identify two effects that the menopause may have on Marta’s emotional well being.

19. Social Development in later adulthood (65+) • Later adulthood is often split into two parts. • The first stage is 65 to 75 and the second stage is 75 plus. • During the first stage people still tend to be very active and often have a busy social life. • They are often ‘on the go’ and say they don’t know how they managed to fit work in when they were younger. • As people age beyond 75 they tend to slow down, but this doesn’t mean they socialise any less. It just means the type of social life they have may be different.

20. Social Development in later adulthood (65+)

21. Physical Development in Later adulthood (65+) Intellectual Development in Later adulthood (65+) • Skin is thinner • joints are stiffer • muscles weaker • bones more brittle • Older people are frequently less mobile • some begin to lose height • loss of skills and physical capacities • May old people take regular exercise as they have more time than when they were working. This might be through joining gyms, taking exercise classes, walking, running or jogging. • The benefits of regular exercise in keeping mobile. • Speed of thinking and short-term memory might decline in later adulthood. • Older people are keen to learn new things, develop their knowledge and keep their minds active. • As older people have more leisure time they may take up new interests, such as learning a different language, gaining new experiences through travel and learning new skills. • Some older people may experience dementia - Alzheimer's disease – memory loss and speech difficulties How a person might feel after they have lost a life long partner? Emotional Development in Later adulthood (65+) • Opportunity to spend more time with family – feelings of enjoyment • More time can be spent with people and closer friendships and relationships developed, often leading to feelings of contentment and happiness • Later adulthood can also be challenge for many people. • People often lose their life long partner and friends as they die- This can be distressing and hard to cope with. • The support of family friends and neighbours can be really important at this stage to make sure the person does not feel isolated and lonely. • shock and numbness (this is usually the first reaction to the death, and people often speak of being in a daze) • overwhelming sadness, with lots of crying • tiredness or exhaustion • anger, for example towards the person who died, their illness or God • guilt, for example guilt about feeling angry, about something you said or didn’t say, or about not being able to stop your loved one dying

22. Explain how a person might feel after they have lost a life long partner? How would the death of a life long partner affect an individuals emotional development? Emotional Development in Later adulthood (65+) Identifysigns of the ageing process. Intellectual Development in Later adulthood (65+) Physical Development in Later adulthood (65+)

23. Lifestyle choice Lifestyle Choices Remember ONE of the definitions below The decisions you make that can have an impact on your health and wellbeing A choice an individual makes irrespective of the risk to self and others A choice that an individual makes with knowledge of potential consequences • Diet • Exercise • Alcohol • smoking • drug use • The choices we make in life regarding will affect growth and development. For example a person is a heavily overweight this can affect their joints as they become older, and increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease. Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are often caused through the type of lifestyle choices we make.

24. What is a lifestyle choice? Outlinewhat is meant by the term lifestyle choice. Identifylifestyle choices

25. Physical factors that affect human growth and development Examples of physical features that are determined by genes (we inherit from our parents genes) • genetic inheritance (inherited characteristics, disabilities) • lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, alcohol, smoking, drugs) • illness and disease (general effects on growth and development). • Sex • Height • Body shape • Skin colour • Eye colour What is a inherited condition? Inherited conditions Remember ONE of the definitions below A condition passed from parent to child by genes A genetic disorder A disease or condition defined by the parents’ genetics • Colour blindness • Muscular Dystrophy • Huntington’s Disease • Dwarfism • Sickle cell disease • Breast cancer

26. What is a inherited condition? Define the term inherited condition. Can you identify three inherited conditions? Identify physical features that are determined by genes (we inherit from our parents genes) Physical factors that affect human growth and development

27. Social, cultural and emotional factors that affect human growth and development Solitary play • You need to know how the following social, cultural and emotional factors can affect human growth and development: • influence of play (solitary play/social play) • influence of role models • culture (effects of religion and spirituality, community influences) • gender (inequality of employment opportunity and pay, social inequality, expectations) • influence of social isolation. This is when the infant plays alone. During the first year of life the infant will begin to play alone. Social play Parallel play This is when children play with others. - This is sometimes called cooperative play. This is sometimes called cooperative play, as children learn to share, use their imagination and get involved with role play. This is when children play alongside other children. By the age of two most children are involved parallel play alongside other children.

28. Define the term social play. Define the term parallel play. Define the term solitary play. Social, cultural and emotional factors that affect human growth and development

29. Culture Explain how culture can affect growth and development. • Culture (effects of religion and spirituality, community influences on individuals growth and development) • Religion can influence how people choose to lead their lives, the food they eat and how they choose to dress. • It is important that people feel accepted as part of their family and community. • Being involved with others make people feel wanted and valued. This helps people have a good self-esteemand promotes growth and development. • Some people feel socially isolated from their families and have few friends. This can have a negative impact on growth and development. Culture can affect growth and development because you are influenced by the community you live in and the values and beliefs which your family hold. Religion can influence how people choose to lead their lives, the food they eat and how to dress. It is important that people feel accepted as part of their family and community because being involved with others makes people feel wanted and valued. This helps people to have a good self-esteem and promotes growth and development. Some people feel social isolated from their families and have a few friend's. This can have a negative impact on growth and development. Explain the effects of social isolation on growth and development. • Long periods social isolation can have a negative impact on quality of life, self-image and self-esteem and your growth and development. They can include: • Physical– aches and pains, headaches, illness or worsening of medical conditions • Low energy – tiredness or lack of motivation • Sleep problems – difficulty getting to sleep, waking frequently or sleeping too much • Diet problems – loss of appetite, sudden weight gain or loss • Substance use – Increased consumption of alcohol, smoking, medications, drugs • Emotional – increased risk of depression, anxiety, paranoia or panic attacks • Negative feelings – feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness or thoughts about suicide, depression, low self-esteem, low-self image Social isolation When people live without regular contact with other people, especially family and friends.

30. What is social isolation? Define the term social isolation. Explain the effects of social isolation on growth and development. Explain how culture can affect growth and development. cultural factors that affect human growth and development

31. Social Isolation Social isolation is usually associated with elderly who are housebound but young mothers and people with disabilities may be affected by the feeling of isolation and loneliness. Social isolation and loneliness could have a negative impact on health, quality of life, self-image and self-esteem. In later adulthood some people can become socially isolated. If families do not live nearby when partners and friends die or health problems make it difficult to get out, it is easy to become isolated and depressed.

32. Social isolation is usually associated with elderly who are housebound but young mothers and people with disabilities. Remember to read the case study carefully and apply your answer accurately

33. Economic Factors that affect human growth and development Effects on health and wellbeing of living on a limited (low) income • May not be able to afford all the bills e.g. rent, gas, electric therefore you can become stressed and worried. • Will not be able to afford healthy food or lack of food therefore your body will not get the nutrition it needs. • Will not be able to afford a place of your own therefore you might have to still live with your parents. • Will not be able to afford items for intellectual needs e.g. toys/ resources for educations/ books • Will not be able to afford luxury items e.g. go on holiday. This could make you feel depressed. • Will not be able to afford social activities which could result in becoming isolated and feeling depressed. • You need to know how the following economic factors can affect human growth and development: • income/wealth (effects of level of income) • occupation (type, status, security of income) • employment/unemployment/not in education, employment or training (effect on income, social and emotional effects).

34. Explain the effects on health and wellbeing of living on a limited income. Economic Factors that affect human growth and development

35. Physical Environment Factors Housingconditions • Housing provides physical shelter and protection. Poor housing can have a negative effect on our growth and development (PIES). • Lack of adequate heating, damp and overcrowding - lead to breathing disorders (asthma), stress and anxiety or depression. Cramped conditions can also affect your health and it’s easy to spread infections. • Damp, mould, excess cold and structural defects increase the risk of an accident (such as poor lighting, or lack of stair handrails) and cause ill health. • Overcrowding more likely to contract infections or diseases (respiratory problems) - Poor hygiene due to sharing facilities leading to infection • People with low income sometimes have to choose between food and heating. A lack of heating can lead to hypothermia - The elderly particularly at risk of health problems relating to accidents and excess cold in the home. Elderly people who have retired may also be financially vulnerable and can’t afford heating. • Your home also provides a sense of emotional wellbeing and psychological security (affects emotional development) Pollution Rural or Urban? • Pollution is the release of high concentrations of dangerous substances (e.g. human waste, or chemicals into the environment) • Air pollution can cause Respiratory (asthma) and cardiovascular diseases Lead to nerve damage • Air pollution can cause coughs, asthma and burning eyes • Noise pollution – lack concentration/ school work may be affected • Chronic (long-term) exposure to noise can lead to tinnitus, increased stressed levels, disturbed sleep and hearing loss) • Factories/ some vehicles often give off smoke as pollution and lead to asthma • Waste pollution – poor hygiene/ lead to risk of infections

36. How does living in a rural or urban area affect an individual’s development? How can pollution affect development? Remember you will need to be specific according to case study in the exam question • You need to know how the following physical environmental factors affect human growth and development: • housing conditions (effects of poor living conditions) • pollution (effects on health) Discuss or explainthe potential impact of poor living conditions on an individual’s development. Physical Environment Factors that affect human growth and development

37. Stress Psychological Factors • Stress can be experienced at any life stage and affects emotional development as causes negative feelings. • Stress can lead to physical and mental health problems. E.g. asthma, high blood pressure and migraines (P&E). • High levels of stress at work can lead to high blood pressure and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes (P). • Heart rate and blood pressure increased lead to physical health damaged if long term (P). • Feels irritated/angry leads to poor emotional health (E). • Difficulty sleeping leads to poor mental and physical health (P&E). • Cannot concentrate - unfinished tasks/memory decreases (I). • Appetite/digestion impaired leads to loss of weight (P). • Feels unhappy may lead to depression (E). • May smoke/drink more alcohol can lead to breathing/liver problems (P). • Communication problems/grumpy/unpleasant - people leave them alone/antisocial effect – Affect social development if it causes difficulties in relationships with others (S). • Unrelieved stress with older people may lead to mental health issues (E). • Having positive relationships with other people is really important. • There are times in life when we all need the support of our family and friends to help us deal with the problems with the problems we face. • If a person is having difficulties with members of their family or friends this might have an effect on how they grow and develop. For example some children grow up in care and this can sometimes have a negative effect on their self-esteem as they think are different from other children. Relationships with family (including unconditional acceptance) Growing up in care • Growing up in care are more vulnerable in adolescence • They have to deal with sexuality peer pressure and puberty with no parental role models. • People who grow up in care are more likely to experience teenage pregnancy become involved in alcohol and substance misuse, to be excluded from school, and achieve fewer and lower grade qualifications. • Child in care worry about prejudice from others who may view them negatively. • Supportive foster parents and teachers can provide stability for the child. • In the early life stages the family is crucially important as infants and children depend on their parents to meet nearly all their needs. • Parents give their children security and accept them as they are - This is known as unconditional acceptance. • Family is important because: • Provides you with education and socialisation • Supports you emotionally and financially • Protects your health and wellbeing through care and guidance. • Relationships can affect development: • If parents are arguing then it can lead to stress for the children • If teenagers are causing problems in the family then it can causing difficulties for all.

38. Remember you will need to be specific according to case study in the exam question Remember you will need to be specific according to case study in the exam question How do relationships with family members including unconditional acceptance affect individuals growth and development? Explain how growing up in care can affect individuals growth and development? Remember you will need to be specific according to case study in the exam question • You need to know how the following psychological factors can affect human growth and development: • stress (effects on physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of individual experiencing stress). • relationships with family members including unconditional acceptance • growing up in care • friendship patterns and relationship with partner/s (effects on emotional and social development) Explain how stress may affect an individuals development. Psychological Factors

39. Friendship patterns and relationship with partner/s (effects on emotional and social development) Friendship patterns across life stages • Friends are important in childhood – help develop socially and emotionally • Friends are important in adolescence why you are trying to develop your identify – important to feel likes and respected by peers. • In adulthood friendships are important because they help you maintain a social life outside of the family. • In later adulthood friendships are important because they are a source of companionship and a connection to your past. • Friends help you to feel like you belong, they are a source of support and they help build self-esteem. • Relationships are important for growth and development, and having positive relationships with others leads to the development of good self-image and high self-esteem. • Having a good network of close friends can lead to a sense of happiness and contentment. • Most people also enjoy spending time with others and taking part in social activities. • However on some occasions friends can cause distress to others through their actions.

40. Remember you will need to be specific according to case study in the exam question Remember you will need to be specific according to case study in the exam question How do friendships affect an individuals growth and development? How does being in an intimate relationship affect growth and development? What are the negative affects of not having friends? Friendship patterns across life stages

41. Expected Life Events Unexpected Life Events Informal support Formal support Family and friends are able to offer support to others in difficult times, helping with everyday physical tasks such as shopping, housework and washing and bathing. These people offer informal support. Many people in later adulthood rely on informal support they receive from their families and friends to be able to remain independent and continue to live in their own homes. Remember to be specific according to the case study in the exam question. Formal support comes from people who are trained and skilled in their work and they are paid for what they do. e.g. doctors, nurses, counsellors, district nurse. The specialist training they receive means the professionals have knowledge and experience to help others handle life events they may never have experience before. Remember to be specific according to case study in the exam question For example dealing with death of a loved one can make some people depressed, and counsellors can be a great support in helping people deal with their grief.

42. What is formal support? Identify two people who can provide formal support. What is informal support? Identify two people who can provide informal support. Can you identify two expected life events? Can you identify two unexpected life events?

43. Two professionals who could support someone who has just lost their lifelong partner are: • A general practitioner (GP) and a bereavement counsellor. • Your GP or a bereavement counsellor can help if you feel that you're not coping. You might need help if: • you can’t get out of bed • you neglect yourself or your family, for example you don't eat properly • you feel you can’t go on without the person you’ve lost • the emotion is so intense it’s affecting the rest of your life, for example you can’t face going to work or you’re taking your anger out on someone else • A GP can help put you in contact with your local bereavement services. • Some people turn to alcohol or drugs during difficult times so they need help cutting down on alcohol. Practice Exam Questions

44. What two professionals could support someone who has just lost their lifelong partner during later adulthood?

45. Effects of Being promoted at work on an individuals development (Unexpected Life Event) Effects of going to prions – imprisonment - on development (Unexpected Life Event) Effects of being excluded from school on an individuals development (Unexpected Life Event)

46. Think about both positives and negatives – endless it asks for one specifically Explain how being excluded from school will affect a child’s development. Think about both positives and negatives – endless it for one specifically Think about both positives and negatives – endless it asks for one specifically Explain the effects of being promoted on an individuals development. Explain two positive effects of being promoted at work on an individuals development. Explain the effects of imprisonment on development.

47. Effects of living or moving in with a partner on development (Expected Life Event) Effects of getting a full time job on an individuals development (Expected Life Event) Effects of getting a starting school or education on an individuals development (Expected Life Event) Effects of retiring from work on an individuals development (Expected Life Event)

48. Think about both positives and negatives – endless it asks for one specifically Think about both positives and negatives – endless it asks for one specifically Explain how starting primary school will affect a child’s development. Explain the effects of how starting nursery will effect social and emotional development. Explain then possible effects of retirement on an individuals development. Think about both positives and negatives – endless it for one specifically Think about both positives and negatives – endless it asks for one specifically Explain the effects of moving in with a partner on an individuals development. Explain the effects of getting a full time job on an individuals development.

49. Possible positive and negative effects on a child's development as a result of their father’s unemployment. Benefits of play for social development Positive The child is able to spend more time with their father which means they might develop a closer relationship. The child may develop a stronger attachment with his father which might help build the child’s self-esteem. Negative The father may not be able to afford food and necessities this may affect the child’s physical development. Their father may also not being able to afford books this may affect their intellectual development. • Any two from: • meet new people • make friends • builds friendships • strengthen existing friendships • teamwork Possible impact of moving into a smaller house further away from their family Describe the difference between expected and unexpected life events. An expected life event is something you know is going to happen/you can plan/prepare for whereas an unexpected life event is different because it is something which you do not know is going to happen/you cannot plan/prepare for .

50. Assess the possible impact of moving into a smaller house further away from their family on an elderly couples development. Think about both positives and negatives Describe the difference between expected and unexpected life events. Explain two possible positive and two possible negative effects on a child's development as a result of their father’s unemployment. Identify two benefits of play for social development.