Figure 1.3 An illustration of a world locator map to be used throughout this book

1. Figure 1.1 Knowledge that the natural world varies across landscapes and seascapes was likely essential to the survival of the earliest hominid societies

2. Figure 1.2 One of the central questions that biogeographers attempt to explain is why geographic ranges differ among species

3. Figure 1.3 An illustration of a world locator map to be used throughout this book

4. Figure 1.4 Darwin benefited from many discussions and lengthy correspondences with other leading naturalists of the day

5. Figure 2.1The contributions of Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) to biology are legendary

6. Figure 2.2(A) Two early hypotheses to account for the diversity and distributions of terrestrial organisms. Linnaeus hypothesized that terrestrial plants and animals survived the biblical Flood along the slopes of a mountain such as Mount Ararat (B)

7. Figure 2.3Explorations of the world by Europeans, including Captain James Cook and his staff, provided invaluable information on the distributions of plants and animals

8. Figure 2.3Explorations of the world by Europeans, including Captain James Cook and his staff, provided invaluable information on the distributions of plants and animals (Part 1)

9. Figure 2.3Explorations of the world by Europeans, including Captain James Cook and his staff, provided invaluable information on the distributions of plants and animals (Part 2)

10. Figure 2.4Alexander von Humboldt (A) is widely regarded as the “father of phytogeography” for detailed and incisive descriptions of the distributions of plants, including those on the Canary Islands (B) and in the Andes (C)

11. Figure 2.5 (A) Charles Lyell and (B) Adolphe Brongniart, often regarded as the “fathers of geology and paleobotany”

12. Figure 2.6 (A) Charles Darwin, (B) Joseph Dalton Hooker, (C) Philip Lutley Sclater, and (D) Alfred Russel Wallace

13. Figure 2.7 Charles Darwin’s voyage on the HMS Beagle was instrumental in the development of his theory of natural selection and the origin of species

14. Figure 2.8Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms

15. Figure 2.8Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms (Part 1)

16. Figure 2.8Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms (Part 2)

17. Figure 2.8Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms (Part 3)

18. Figure 2.9(A) Ernst von Haeckel’s 1876 map of the phylogeny and dynamic geography of man (B) demonstrates his understanding that the process of evolution occurs over space as well as time

19. Figure 2.10Philip Lutely Sclater’s (1858) scheme of terrestrial biogeographic regions based on the distributions of passerine birds

20. Figure 2.11Alfred Russel Wallace’s voyages through the Malay Archipelago (1854–1862) led to major discoveries in evolutionary biology and biogeography

21. Figure 2.12(A) Clinton Hart Merriam’s “life areas” of North America. (B) Elevational distribution of life zones on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. (C) Distribution of Merriam’s life zones across North America

22. Figure 2.12(A) Clinton Hart Merriam’s “life areas” of North America. (B) Elevational distribution of life zones on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. (C) Distribution of Merriam’s life zones across North America (Part 1)

23. Figure 2.12(A) Clinton Hart Merriam’s “life areas” of North America. (B) Elevational distribution of life zones on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. (C) Distribution of Merriam’s life zones across North America (Part 2)

24. Figure 2.13 (1)(A) James Dwight Dana’s scheme of biogeographic regions of marine organisms. (B) Philip Lutley Sclater’s classification of biogeographic regions was based largely on endemic fauna

25. Figure 2.13 (2)(A) James Dwight Dana’s scheme of biogeographic regions of marine organisms. (B) Philip Lutley Sclater’s classification of biogeographic regions was based largely on endemic fauna