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Chapter 6 Alkyl Halides

Chapter 6 Alkyl Halides. § 6.1 Classification, Nomenclature and Isomerization § 6.2 Spectrum Data & Physical Properties § 6.3 Chemical Reactions § 6.4 Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution § 6.5 Elimination Reaction § 6.6 Preparation of Alkyl Halides.

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Chapter 6 Alkyl Halides

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  1. Chapter 6 Alkyl Halides

  2. § 6.1 Classification, Nomenclature and Isomerization § 6.2 Spectrum Data & Physical Properties § 6.3 Chemical Reactions § 6.4 Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution § 6.5 Elimination Reaction § 6.6 Preparation of Alkyl Halides

  3. § 6.1 Classification, Nomenclature and Isomerization 6.1.1 Classification 6.1.2 Nomenclature 6.1.3 Isomerization (2R,3S)- 3-甲基-2-溴己烷

  4. § 6.2 Spectrum Data & Physical Properties 1H-NMR 13C-NMR -碳、-碳化学位移向低场方向移动

  5. IR C-F 1350-1100 cm-1 (s) C-Cl 750-700 cm-1 (m) C-Br 700-500 cm-1 (m) C-I 610-485 cm-1 (m)

  6. § 6.3 Chemical Reactions 6.3.1 Structure & Inductive Effect (A) Structure of alkyl halides C-F 139 pm C-Cl 176 pm C-Br 194 pm C-I 214 pm Polar bond

  7. (B) Inductive Effect Electronegativity: C: 2.5 Cl: 2.8 H:2.2 特点 表示法 分类 强度 静态与动态

  8. 含义 • 与反应性关系 • 影响因素 (C) Polarizability

  9. 诱导效应,易断裂,“消除” X吸电子,易断裂,X被取而代之 带部分正电荷,易被带负电荷或带孤对电子的分子进攻

  10. 6.3.2 Nucleophilic Substitution • 溶剂解 • 广泛应用于合成中 • 鉴别

  11. 6.3.3 Elimination Reaction 一般地: 30 RX > 20 RX > 10 RX 消除方向: 立体选择性:反式共平面 区域选择性:Saytzeff规则

  12. 6.3.4 Reactions with Metals With Mg With Na With Li

  13. 6.3.5 Reduction LiAlH4(氢化铝锂),强氧化剂。以醚为溶剂。 遇水立即分解: LiAlH4 + 4H2O  LiOH + Al(OH)3 + 4H2 NaBH4(硼氢化钠),以二甘醇二甲醚为溶剂。 Na + NH3(l) Zn + HCl HI H2 / Pd :

  14. § 6.4 Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution 6.4.1 Two Mechanism 1st-order 2nd-order

  15. SN2 Walden Inversion

  16. SN1 Rate-determined step 碳正离子

  17. Carbocation • Structure • Stability • Rearrangement 6 e

  18. -p hyper conjugation

  19. Rearrangement 动力:由不稳定的碳正离子变为稳定的碳正离子 负氢迁移 烷基迁移

  20. 立体化学

  21. Experimental Result 少 多

  22. Winstein S. Ion Pair Theory 转型 转型 > 保型 转型 = 保型

  23. Rearrangement

  24. 6.4.2 Factors Which Effect the Two Mechanism Rate-determining Step: SN2 SN1

  25. (A) Effects of Alkyl Groups SN2

  26. SN1 • 电子效应(超共轭效应) • 空间效应(空助效应)

  27. Other Alkyl Groups 既不易发生SN1反应又不易发生SN2反应

  28. SN2 SN1 既容易发生SN1反应又容易发生SN2反应

  29. 既不易发生SN1反应又不易发生SN2反应

  30. (B) Effects of Leaving Groups SN2 SN1 均有影响 离去基的离去能力越强,反应越易进行。

  31. Result: I-> Br- > Cl- > F- Reasons: 1) Dissociation Energy (kJ/mol) C-I: 238.6 C-Br: 197.3 C-Cl: 355.9 2) Acidity of HX: HI > HBr > HCl Stability: I-> Br- > Cl

  32. Application: 1) Identification RI + AgONO2 / EtOH  迅速 RBr + AgONO2 / EtOH  片刻 RCl + AgONO2 / EtOH  加热 Application: 2) Synthesis RCH2Cl + H2O  RCH2OH + HCl RCH2Cl + I-  RCH2I + Cl- RCH2I + H2O  RCH2OH + HI

  33. (C) Effects of Nucleophilicity No Effect

  34. Nucleophilicity of the Reagents 1)进攻原子相同时:带负电荷基团 > 中性基团 HO-> H2O -NH2> NH3 RO->ROH 2)进攻原子相同时:一般地,碱性 亲核性 RO-> HO- > ArO- > RCOO- (酸性: ROH < H2O < ArOH < RCOOH) 3)同族元素,原子序数 亲核性 原因:可极化性 4)空间因素 (CH3)3CO- 大体积碱

  35. (D) Effects of Solvents 稳定带电荷反应物种

  36. Protic Solvents 极性很强,含-OH,-NH2等基团 如: H2O, ROH, NH3等 Aprotic Polar Solvents 极性很强,但不含-OH,-NH2等基团 如: Dimethylformamide ( DMF ) Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)等

  37. SN1 极性溶剂极性增大对反应有利

  38. SN2 极性溶剂极性增大对反应不利

  39. 极性非质子溶剂不溶剂化负离子,使亲核试剂不受溶剂分子包围,有利于SN2反应:极性非质子溶剂不溶剂化负离子,使亲核试剂不受溶剂分子包围,有利于SN2反应:

  40. Summary

  41. 一般地: 1) 30 RX 发生SN1反应 2) 10 RX 发生SN2反应 3) 20 RX 受试剂影响较大 4) RX + AgONO2 / EtOH  RONO2 + AgX SN1 原因:Ag夺电子能力强 5) R-Br + NaI / 无水丙酮  R-I + NaBr  -Cl NaCl  均为SN2反应 原因:*:I-亲核性强 *:溶剂弱极性

  42. § 6.5 Elimination Reaction 6.5.1 Two Mechanisms E1

  43. E2 反式共平面

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