Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)

1. Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750-1914) Global History II Review

2. Scientific Revolution • New Ideas about the Universe • Scientific Revolution- period of change • Heliocentric theory said sun is center of universe. (Copernicus and Galileo) • Newton proved gravity and natural laws • New ways of thinking • Scientific Method- experimentation and observation to prove theories • Human Reason was valued

3. Enlightenment • Science and the Enlightenment • Natural Laws govern human behavior • Enlightenment rejected traditional beliefs • Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts • Locke: Natural Rights- life, liberty, & property • Montesquieu: Separation of powers • Voltaire: Religious toleration • Rousseau: Social Contract, give up freedoms for the common good of all

4. Enlightenment • Impact of the Enlightenment • Promoted change in many governments • Inspired democracy and revolutions • Enlightened rulers made changes in their countries (also able to keep power) • Key principles for the foundation of American Revolution, United States government and the French Revolution

5. Political Revolutions • American Revolution (1776) • Influenced by Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights and ideas of the Enlightenment • Symbol of freedom in Europe and Latin Amer. • French Revolution (1789) • Causes: Absolute Monarchy, social inequality, economic hardships, Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution and English laws

6. Political Revolutions • French Revolutions Stages • Creation of the National Assembly • Seizure of the Bastille • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Creation of a limited monarchy • Radicals come to power and Reign of Terror • Napoleon comes to power • Napoleonic Code- laws made by Napoleon • Napoleon is a stabilizing force

7. Political Revolutions • Effects of the French Revolution • Democratic ideals spread through Europe • Nationalism emerges in Europe (France) • Latin American Independence (1790s) • Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) breaks Haiti free from French rule • Simon Bolivar a Creole gains independence from Spain for much of South America • Jose de San Martin defeats the Spanish for independence in Argentina and Chile

8. Reaction Against Revolution • Congress of Vienna (1815) • Attempt to put Europe back the way it was before the conquests of Napoleon • Revolutions of 1830s and 1848 • Liberals (revolutionaries) revolt against conservatives (monarchy) • Rebellions were not successful in the long term but the ideas remained

9. Reaction Against Revolution • Absolutism in Czarist Russia • Russian Czars maintained power in Russia • Feudal society continued in Russia with serfs • Russification- policy to make groups act Russian within Russian borders • Instability in Latin America • Social injustice even with democracy • Military rulers lead many nations • Economies grow slowly • Mexican Revolution due to unequal distribution of wealth

10. Global Nationalism • Nationalism: Love for one’s country • Revolutions in Greece, Poland, Belgium, and across Latin America • Unification Movements • Italy: Cavour and Garibaldi worked to unite all of Italy as one nation • Germany: Bismarck used war and politics to unite the German and Prussian Empires • Zionism: Desire for a Jewish homeland

11. Global Nationalism • Nationalism in Asia • India: called for self-rule and independence from the British colonizers • Indian National Congress and Muslim League worked to achieve independence • Turkey: Young Turks took control of Ottoman government • Armenian Massacre: Turks turned against Christians living in the Ottoman Empire • Nationalism and conflict in the Balkans

12. Economic Revolution • Agrarian Revolution (1750) • Increased food production through changes in farming techniques • Enclosures forced small farmers off lands • Better food created a population explosion • Industrial Revolution (1750-1900) • Means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines • Caused by increased work force, improved technology, and new capital for investment

13. Economic Revolutions • Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Laissez-faire economics means the government does not interfere in production • Free Market or Capitalism develops • Big businesses emerge • Middle class and lower classes struggle • Urbanization- growth of cities • Poor working conditions for workers • Improved transportation (steam engine) • Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States are the most industrialized nations

14. Social Revolutions • Inspired by the hardships of the Ind. Rev. • Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest • Socialism- concentrated on interests of society • Wanted businesses and farms to belong to all the people and not just individuals • Marxist Socialism (Communism) • Karl Marx called for a revolution by the workers against the capitalists • The people should control all means of production

15. Social Revolutions • Education: Public schools were developed • Reforms • Slavery is abolished nearly everywhere • Suffrage is expanded • More rights for workers • Improvements in universal education • Impact of Industrialization • Migration to industrialized nations • Famine in Ireland forced Irish to leave • Development of a global economy (interdependency)

16. Japanese/ Meiji Restoration • Opening of Japan (1853) • Japan was isolated for 200yrs. (Tokugawa) • US Commodore Perry forces Japan to open • Treaty of Kanagawa gave America trading rights with Japan • Modernization and Industrialization • Emperor Meiji worked to modernize Japan • Japan borrowed from the West the best ideas

17. Imperialism • Imperialism: • The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country (Bullying) • Causes • Nationalism and belief in social Darwinism • Militarism- need to be stronger than others • Need for raw materials and natural resources • “White Man’s Burden”

18. Imperialism • British in India • Sepoy Mutiny- Indians refused to fight for G.B. • Scramble for Africa • European nations carved up Africa for colonies • Africans resisted fought (Boer War) • Imperialism in China • Opium War with Britain • Spheres of Influence created • Boxer Rebellion- Chinese Boxers wanted to get rid of foreigners in China