Chapter 4: Ancient Greece (1900-133 BCE)

1. Chapter 4:Ancient Greece (1900-133 BCE) The First Greek Civilizations

2. Geography • Had a huge impact on the development of Greek society • Greece occupies an area about the size of Louisiana

3. Geography • Mountains isolated Greeks from each other causing communities to develop in their own way • These communities became fiercely independent • The rivalry between the communities led to warfare that devastated Greek society

4. Geography • The sea also influenced the evolution of Greek society • They sailed out into the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Black Sea making contact w/ the outside world • Later they established colonies that spread Greek civilization throughout the Mediterranean world

5. 2000-1450 BCE The minoans

6. Rise of the Minoans • By 2800 BCE • Crete (island) • Trade by ship

7. Downfall:sudden collapse around 1450 BCE • Great tidal wave caused by volcanic eruption OR Most believe the destruction was the result of invasion by mainland Greeks known as the Mycenaeans

8. The First Greek State (1600-1100 BCE) Mycenae

9. Mycenaean Culture & Society • Indo- European Group • Powerful monarchies

10. Mycenaean Culture & Society • Monarchy • Centralized Government • It is likely that the various monarchies developed a loose alliance of independent states

11. Mycenaean Culture & Society • Great warriors • Wall murals often show war and hunting scenes, the natural occupations of a warriors aristocracy

12. Mycenaean Culture & Society • The most famous of all their supposed mil adventures come to us from the poetry of Homer • Iliad • Odyssey

13. Downfall • The Mycenanean states were battling each other • Major earthquakes

14. 1100-750 BCE The Greek dark ages

15. Onset • food decline • Dark Age because few records of what happen exist. • Not until 850 BCE did farming revive • At the same time, the basis for a new Greece was forming.

16. Developments of the Dark Age • Adopted the Phoenician alphabet • New form of writing • The Greeks made learning to read and write simpler • Near the very end of this age appeared the work of Homer.

17. homer

18. The Iliad • The background is the Trojan War • This is the war between Troy and Sparta • Trojan horse • Trojans lose • The Iliad itself is not so much the story of the war but the tale of Achilles and how his anger and pride led to disaster

19. The Odyssey • This work recounts the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy and his ultimate return to his wife • Again, this work shows how pride and anger can have negative outcomes but encourages perseverance.

20. Impact • The Greeks looked at the Iliad and the Odyssey as true history • These masterpieces gave the Greeks an ideal past with a cast of heros

21. The Greek City-States Chapter 4: Section 2

22. The Polis • By 750 BCE, the city-state or “polis” became the focus of Greek life • Our word politics is derived from “polis” • The polis consisted town along with its surrounding countryside • The town served as the center of the polis where people could meet for political, social, and religious activities

23. The Polis Citizens: Pol. Rights • Above all, a polis was a community of people who shared a common ID and goals Citizens: No pol. Rights Non-Citizens

24. The Polis: Layout • The gathering place in the polis was usually a hill and at the top of this hill was a fortified area known as the acropolis • The acropolis served as a place of refuge during an attack and sometimes came to be the religious center on which temples were built.

25. Greek Colonies

26. Expansion • Btw 750 -550 BCE large #s of Greeks left their homeland • Brought on by the need for good farmland and the growth of trade

27. Expansion • Colonization also led to increased trade and industry • This expansion created a new group of wealthy individuals in many of the Greek city-states • These men desired political power

28. Tyranny and New Government

29. Definition • The creation of the new group of rich men fostered the rise of Tyrants in the 7th and 6th c. BCE • Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats

30. New Government • The rule of the tyrants had ended the rule of the aristocrats in many city-states • The end of tyranny then allowed many new people to participate in government • Democracy • Oligarchy

31. New Government Democracy Oligarchy • Government by the people or rule of the many • Rule by the few

32. Sparta

33. Spartan Expansion • Sparta was faced w/ the need for more land • Instead of colonizing like other Greeks, Spartans conquered neighboring territory

34. Military State • The lives of Spartans were rigidly organized and tightly controlled • Men enrolled in the army for regular service at age 20 and lived in barracks until age 30 • At 30 men were allowed to vote and live at home but they stayed in the army until age 60

35. Government • Oligarchy- rule by few • A group of 5 men known as ephors were elected to teach the youth • A council of elders composed of the 2 kings and 28 citizens over 60 yrs old decided the issues that would be present to an assembly made up of male citizens

36. Government • Spartans became isolated to rest of Greece • They were discouraged from traveling for any reason other than military conquest • They were not allowed to study philosophy, literature, or the arts b/c these subjects might encourage new thoughts

37. Athens Society Males had political rights Women & Children had no political rights Slaves were non-citizens

38. Classical Greece Chapter 4 Section 3

39. Persia Challenges on Greece

40. Basic Geography of Persia Surrounded by mountains and desert Harsh lands had to find ways to exploit limited water resources Unlike the ancient river valley civilizations, Persia never had a dense population

41. The Rise of the Persian Empire

42. Persia and Greece

43. First Encounter Darius and Persians landed in Marathon 26 miles from Athens Athenians defeated a huge Persian army Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to give out the news

44. Greece and Persia Xerxes took over Persia after the death of Darius Wanted revenge after Marathon Planned invasion Athens prepared with building naval force

45. Greece and Persia Second invasion Persians 180,000 troops Huge naval braggade Greeks 7,ooo troops 300 Spartans

46. Greece and Persia With outmaneuvering, the Greeks out smarted the Persians with a massive defeat Last defeat was at Plataea

47. The Height of Athenian Power

48. Delian League Main purpose was a defense against the Persians Headquartered in Delos Athenians controlled the League Pericles became the powerful leader of Athens

49. Age of Pericles Democracy Considered a Direct Democracy All male adults could vote Meeting held every 10 days outside Acropolis Lower- class males could hold office

50. The Great Peloponnesian War After war with Persians, Greece became separated: Athens Sparta Two distinct separate societies Sparta defeated the Athenians This war divided Greece and they also lost focus on outside invaders