People with Special Needs and Disasters: Person-in-Environment Model GIS Mapping and Multi-Stakeholder Collaborations

1. People with Special Needs and Disasters:Person-in-Environment Model GIS Mapping and Multi-Stakeholder Collaborations Shigeo TATSUKI Doshisha University, Japan

2. Table of Contents • Sociological Implications of Recent Meteorological Hazards • 2004 Niigata Flood Research:3 Types of Casualties • What is PSND? • Vulnerability from a “Person-in-Environment Perspective” • Put Lessons Learned into Practice • GIS Mapping of People with Special Needs (PSNs) • GIS Mapping of People with Special Needs in times of Disaster (PSNDs) • Individualized Evacuation/Sheltering Assistance Using PSND GIS Database • Multi-stakeholder Collaboration

3. 10 Year Averages of Typhoon Disaster Casualties by Magnitudes from 1913 to 2005

4. 新潟日報2004年7月15日

5. 12 out of 15 Casualties were those who were over the age of 65 Young Old 前期高齢者 Old OLD 後期高齢者

6. The Field Study on 7.13 Niigata Flood Disasters of 2004 3 Types of Casualties Not Only Macro- But Also Micro-Hazard Vulnerabilities were Socially Created Hayashi, H., & Tatsuki, S. The Cause of Death among 7.13 Niigata Flood Disaster Victims, A presentation at the Interim Report Forum for the Investigation of the 2004 July Niigata/ Fukusima/Fukui Heavy Rainfall Disasters, Niigata University, November 19, 2004.

7. Group 1: Nakanoshima3 Casualties • Healthy Aged over 75 • More than 3ｍunder water • Rapid Water Flow Crushed Wooden Houses Group 1 Hayashi, H., & Tatsuki, S. The Cause of Death among 7.13 Niigata Flood Disaster Victims, A presentation at the Interim Report Forum for the Investigation of the 2004 July Niigata/ Fukusima/Fukui Heavy Rainfall Disasters, Niigata University, November 19, 2004. Outside Inside Evac.Cntr

8. Group 1 破堤直後の様子(後で数日後の様子があります) （中ノ島町・室橋嘉一氏撮影）

9. Group 1 （中ノ島町・室橋嘉一氏撮影）

10. Group 2: Near Broken Levee in Sanjo City 5 Casualties • Younger Victims • Found Outside • 2 Victims were on their way to Evacuation Center Group 2 Outside Hayashi, H., & Tatsuki, S. The Cause of Death among 7.13 Niigata Flood Disaster Victims, A presentation at the Interim Report Forum for the Investigation of the 2004 July Niigata/ Fukusima/Fukui Heavy Rainfall Disasters, Niigata University, November 19, 2004. Inside Evac.Cntr

11. Group 2

12. Group 2

13. Group 3: The South Bank of Igarashi River in Sanjo City 4 Casualties • Found Inside the House • Over the Age of 75 • Trouble in Walking（Single, Bed-bound Cared by an Old Spouse） • Nobody Responded to the Need for Evacuation Assistance Group 3 Types of Casualties Outside Hayashi, H., & Tatsuki, S. The Cause of Death among 7.13 Niigata Flood Disaster Victims, A presentation at the Interim Report Forum for the Investigation of the 2004 July Niigata/ Fukusima/Fukui Heavy Rainfall Disasters, Niigata University, November 19, 2004. Inside Evac.Cntr

14. Group 3

15. Group 3

16. Vulnerability as a Function of Hazards, Person, & Environment Vulnerability is NOT intrinsic to a Person, but is Socially Created

17. People with Special Needs in times of Disaster People with Special Needs in times of Disaster Hazard Hazard f( , ｆ（Person, Environment） P S N D Help Available for Evacuation & Sheltering at times of Disaster ? 1. Reliance on Long-term Care Services due to Age, Disability, etc. 2. Not Able to Evacuate by Oneself 3. Not Able to Survive at Shelter without Special Assistance Estimated Hazard (Flood, Flood Tide, Tsunami, etc.) Level Overall Vulnerability Person-Environment Profiles

18. GIS Mapping of People with Special Needs at times of Disaster (PSND) Kobe City Hyogo Ward Project (April 2008 to Now)

19. Person-in-Environment Model of Mapping Vulnerability V= ƒ （H, ƒ （ P, E）） Overall Vulnerability Map PxE Interaction Factor Environmental Factor Personal Factor Hazard Layer

20. Identifying the Hazards Type of Hazards Flood Landslide Tsunami

21. 4,411 Persons with Physical Disabilities Residing in Hyogo Ward, Kobe City N=4,411 Flood Landslide Tsunami

22. 914 Persons with Physical Disabilities were Residing in Hazardous Areas N=914 Flood Landslide Tsunami

23. 612 (67%) out of 914 PWPD in Hazardous Areas Agreed to Structured Interviews N=612 (67 %) Flood Landslide Tsunami

24. Physical Disability Physical Immobility Age/Gender Social Isolation Social Capital Housing Fragility

25. CompositeVulnerability Index 99 Individuals (17%) identified being the most vulnerable. It is estimated that about 155 (17% of 914 PWPD’s in the area) individuals require immediate attention for evacuation & sheltering planning. Flood Landslide Tsunami

26. Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

27. Overlay of 4-Level Density Map = Overall Density Map

28. Strategies for Creating Individualized Evacuation & Sheltering Plans

29. Build Evacuation & Sheltering Support System by means of Collaboration among Different Stakeholders: The Key to Obtain & to Share Information is the Consent from PSND’s PSND’s Who Gave Consent to Share Their Personal Info. Neighborhood Assoc. Ａ A Check Missing or Duplications District Welfare Liaison B B LCSP Ｃ C Community Emergency Response Team Ｄ D E District Welfare Liaison Ｆ ・Inter-Departmental Sharing of PSND Info. ・Population List Creation ・Utilize Inter-DepartmentalInfo. Sharing Initiatives LtC Service Recipient List PSN Db E A C Designated Diseases Pt. D Alien Registration B

30. Build Evacuation & Sheltering Support System by means of Collaboration among Different Stakeholders: The Key to Obtain & to Share Information is the Consent from PSND’s C Individualized Evacuation & Sheltering Plan E PSND’s Who Gave Consent to Share Their Personal Info. A D B Neighborhood Assoc. Ａ A Check Missing or Duplications District Welfare Liaison B B LCSP Ｃ C Community Emergency Response Team Ｄ D E District Welfare Liaison F ・Inter-Departmental Sharing of PSND Info. ・Population List Creation ・Utilize Inter-DepartmentalInfo. Sharing Initiatives Long-term Care Recipient E Disability Benefit Recipient List A C Designated Diseases Pt. D Alien Registration B

31. Resilience Building Through Multi-stakeholder Collaboration

32. From Hazards Reactive Single Agency Science Driven Response Management Planning for Communities Communicating to Communities To Vulnerability Proactive Partnerships Multidisciplinary Approach Risk Management Planning with Communities Communicating with Communities Shift in Disaster Management Strategies Source:Pearce, Laurie. Natural Hazards, 2003, Vol. 28, pp. 211-228

33. Build Trust Among Different Stakeholders Facilitate Effective Collaboration • The government should have a dialogue with the stakeholders regarding the the result of proposed model of mapping vulnerability. • Incorporate their feedback to further improve the study. • These maps can be used as a tool to provide motivation to mobilize community members to provide assistance to the special needs population. This would be difficult to obtain without a compelling visual proof.

34. Plan With Different Stakeholders in The Community • Picture 1: Entrance with Ramp Not Built for Wheelchair Picture 2: Hard to Close Door of Toilet for Disabled Picture 3: Consultation with Different Stakeholders

35. Learn From PSND (1) Evacuation Path of Visually-Impaired Person A

36. Learn from PSND (2) Evacuation Path of Hearing-Impaired Person B