Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

2. Biochemistry: Essentials for life • Organic compounds • Contain carbon • Most are covalently bonded • Example: C6H12O6 (glucose) • Inorganic compounds • Lack carbon • Tend to be simpler compounds • Example: H20 (water)

3. Important inorganic compounds • Water • Most abundant inorganic compound • Vital properties • High heat capacity • Polarity/solvent properties • Chemical reactivity • cushioning

4. Important inorganic compounds • Salts • Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water • Vital to many body functions • Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

5. Important inorganic compounds • Acids • Can release detectable hydrogen ions • Bases • Proton acceptors • Neutralization reaction • Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

6. pH • Measures relative concentrations of hydrogen ions • pH 7 = neutral • pH below 7 = acidic • pH above 7 = basic • Buffers • Chemicals that can regulate pH change

7. Organic Compounds • Small units bond to form large units • Energy stored in bonds • Energy stored in organic molecules determines its caloric value • Proteins, carbs, and fats are 3 organic compounds with different structures and different caloric values based on their structures

8. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Include sugars and starches • Classified according to size • Monosaccharides – simple sugars • Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis • Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

9. Find a Picture or draw a picture that represents a Carbohydrate. You have 45 seconds…Go!

10. carbohydrates

11. carbohydrates

12. Carbohydrates • Main source of energy for the cell • If not used for energy, they are stored in the cells • Digestion breaks bond between large carbohydrates so simple sugars can be absorbed into bloodstream through the walls of the intestines • Bloodstreams carries simple sugars throughout body • Simple sugars used as fuel, releasing energy, stored as ATP • Caloric Value: 4 calories per gram

13. Lipids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen • Insoluble in water • Monomers: glycerols and fatty acids

14. Lipids • Important for energy when carbs are scarce • Functions: • Long term energy storage • Cushioning of vital organs • Insulation for the body • Major component of cell membranes • Necessary for vitamin and hormone production • 9 calories per gram

15. lipids

16. Lipids

17. Find a Picture or draw a picture that represents a Lipid. You have 45 seconds…Go!

18. Proteins • Made of amino acids • Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

19. Important organic compounds • Proteins • Account for over half of the body’s organic matter • Provides for construction materials for body tissues • Plays a vital role in cell function • Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

20. Find a Picture or draw a picture that represents a Protein. You have 45 seconds…Go!

21. Important Organic Compounds • Nucleic Acids • Make up genes (blueprint for life) • Direct growth and development • Dictate protein structure • Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms • Largest biological molecules in the body • Building blocks: nucleotides

22. Important organic compounds • Nucleic Acids continued… • Nucleotide consists of: • Nitrogen-containing base • Pentose sugar • Phosphate group • 5 bases are A, T, G, C, and U • DNA and RNA

23. Find a Picture or draw a picture that represents a Nucleic Acid. You have 45 seconds…Go!