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OLD TESTAMENT THEOLOGY

OLD TESTAMENT THEOLOGY. Biblical Theology Simple Treats the religion of the Bible Historical (discusses what the sacred writers thought of divine things) *Special Revelation>. Dogmatic Theology Complex Biblical Theology and philosophy Didactic (what the theologians think)

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OLD TESTAMENT THEOLOGY

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  1. OLD TESTAMENTTHEOLOGY

  2. Biblical Theology Simple Treats the religion of the Bible Historical (discusses what the sacred writers thought of divine things) *Special Revelation> Dogmatic Theology Complex Biblical Theology and philosophy Didactic (what the theologians think) *Special and General Revelation> O. T. Theology: Origin Johann Gabler, in 1787, delivered an address on the difference between Dogmatic and Biblical Theology Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  3. Geerhardus Vos, “Biblical Theology is that branch of Exegetical Theology which deals with the process of the self revelation of God deposited in the Bible.” Biblical Theology, 13.> John Murray, “Biblical theology deals with the data of special revelation from the standpoint of its history; systematic theology deals with the same in its totality as a finished product. The method of systematic theology is logical, that of biblical theology is historical.” WTJ, 26:1, 33.> O. T. Theology: Definition Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  4. O. T. Theology: The Redemptive Historical Framework • Exegesis (then interpretation) • Compare with other passages • Formulate ideas without distorting the facts • Be aware of the flow of Biblical revelation> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  5. O. T. Theology: Techniques • Word Studies: key words; their theological thrust; one cannot exegete without knowing the meaning of the words • Subject Studies: tracing the growth or development of a subject; determining the key verses • Theology of Biblical Books: “What does_____say?” Examines the book as a literary unit. Determines the theme or themes. How do the parts support that theme?  • Theology of the Old Testament: such as Vos, Payne, etc.> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  6. O. T. Theology and Systematic Theology • Biblical theology is the ground for systematic theology • Biblical and systematic theology are complementary, not antithetical • There is a difference in method and nature of the approach • Biblical Theology- what has God revealed? • Systematic Theology- what is true about God?> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  7. The Value of Systematic Theology It presents the results of Bible study in capsule form It is useful in combating heresy It provides conventional language> The Danger of Systematic Theology Theological drift: the system is substituted for Scripture Strong denominationalism leads to failure to recognize the catholicity of the Church Biased exegesis (the whole determines the meaning of the parts)> O. T. Theology and Systematic Theology Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  8. O. T. Theology: History • The Rise of Old Testament Theology • Federal Theology: Cocceius (1603-1669) • Attempt to escape from traditionalism and confessions to purely Biblical orientation • Developed theology around the structure of covenant (foedus) • Pietism: Spener and Francke- (1635-1705) • Emphasized practical orientation of theology and the devotional use of Bible • Argued for historical interpretations as opposed to proof­texting • Johann Gabler: Father of Biblical Theology, a rationalist, seeking to explain the biblical religion in terms of universal laws of reason> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  9. O. T. Theology: History • The Triumph of Israel’s Religion: Extreme Rationalism (1790-1830) • Hermann Samuel Reimarus, 1694-1768 • Wolfenbüttel Fragments • J.D. Semler, 1725-1792, canon the result of human endeavors entirely • Georg Lorenz Bauer, 1755-1806, rationalist theology, Theologie des Alten Testaments • W.M.L. de Wette, first to do Biblical Theology under influence of Kantianism> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  10. O. T. Theology: History • Rationalism under the influence of a philosophy of religion (Historicists) • Hegel: the dialectic • Schleiermacher: the focus of theology   • Wilhelm Vatke: Biblische Theologie, 1835, developed the history of religions approach (Religionsgeschichte) • Bruno Bauer: a student of Vatke, wrote a second “history of religions,” Old Testament theology based on the Hegelian philosophy> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  11. O. T. Theology: History • Julius Wellhausen: wrote Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels, 1878 • Signaled a shift in Biblical Theology from rationalism to the history of Israel's religion • Based on Graf and Kuenen • OT prophets lived before the giving of the OT law. • OT religion grew out of nature religion • Behind the sacrifices and rituals of Israel lay the agricultural feasts of her pagan neighbors> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  12. O. T. Theology: Wellhausian Scheme • Animism: moving objects are indwelt with spirits • Gen 14:7, spring of judgment • Gen 12:6, oaks of Moreh; 13:18, oaks of Mamre • Polytheism: Joshua 15:11, baals • Totemism- some members of tribes related to animals; Caleb-dog, or “el” names as descendants of some god • Taboo- certain prohibited foods (can't eat because they belong to the tribal gods) • Ancestor worship- Genesis 23 • Monolatry: recognize many gods, worship one • Monotheism: eighth century, “J” documents> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  13. O. T. Theology: Key Themes in the Religionsgeschichte Approach • Late date assigned to ‘P’ document in Pentateuchal criticism • New picture of Israel’s religion, based on documentary hypothesis • Evolutionary model, based on Hegel and Darwin>> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  14. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Conservative Reaction • E.W. Hengstenberg: (ca 1835) • Wrote Christology of the Old Testament • This work held to conservative theological viewpoints • Major failing: did not reckon with the nature of progressive revelation • Nonetheless, he revived an orthodox view of the Bible Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  15. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Conservative Reaction • Steudel didn't hold to inerrancy, but reacted against the historical-critical method; affirmed historical-grammatical method • Gustav Oehler (1812-1872): • Oehler was a student of Steudel • Oehler wrote a famous Old Testament Theology (published posthumously) still used by evangelicals • Focused on the organic growth of Old Testament religion, the outstanding work of the Heilsgeschichte (“salvation history”) school> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  16. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Conservative Reaction • Heilsgeschichte: “salvation history” school focused on the story of salvation • J.C.K. Hofmann: ca 1841, • Found in the Bible a record of the process of saving or holy history that aims at the redemption of all mankind • Process not fully completed until eschatological consummation> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  17. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Conservative Reaction • Heilsgeschichte: • The Erlangen School, including Hofmann, held • Propositional statements in Scripture were not meant to be an end in themselves nor an object of faith, but • Were designated to bear witness>the redemptive acts of God • Franz Delitzsch- Bible a witness to salvation, an incomplete, usable source, witness of ancient culture> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  18. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Renaissance of Biblical Theology • Factors Contributing to the revival of Biblical Theology (early 20th century) • The loss of faith in evolutionary naturalism • The reaction against the purported “objectivity” in the study of religion-history • The trend of Continental theology back to Reformation theology (the movement known as “neo-orthodoxy”)> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  19. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Renaissance of Biblical Theology • Otto Eissfeldt: • History of Israel’s religion and Old Testament theology were separate disciplines, with different goals and therefore with different methods • Theology deals with revelation, not history (debated Eichrodt 1926-29)> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  20. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Renaissance of Biblical Theology • Walther Eichrodt: Key theology 1933, 1939 • Made use of the covenant theme and employed a cross-section methodology • Argued that “Old Testament theologians could get to the ‘essence’ of Old Testament religion by means of the same historical-critical methods investigators of the history of religion used.” Smith, OTT, 39> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  21. O. T. Theology: HistoryThe Renaissance of Biblical Theology • Gerhard von Rad: (1957,1960) Theologie des Alten Testaments, represented an approach to the Old Testament that closely aligned Old Testament criticism with Old Testament theology • Hexateuch is a reworking of various tribal traditions which had been transmitted orally • Events are not historical but confessional • “The OT possessed no central axis or continuity of a divine plan; rather, it contained a narration of the people’s religious reading of their history, their attempt to make real and present older events and narratives.” Kaiser, TOTT, 5> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  22. O. T. Theology: Recent History • The Biblical Theology Movement: H.H. Rowley, Alan Richardson, Norman Snaith, G. Ernest Wright, B.W. Anderson, begins around 1950 • Five Key Ideas • The rediscovery of the theological dimension (message and mystery of the Bible) • The unity of the Bible • The Idea that revelation is historical • The distinctiveness of Hebrew thought • The uniqueness of Biblical faith vis-à-vis other religions> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  23. O. T. Theology: Recent History • Brevard S. Childs, Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments, 1992 • “The challenge of Biblical Theology is to engage in the continual activity of theological reflection which studies the canonical text in detailed exegesis, and seeks to do justice to the witness of both testaments in the light of its subject matter who is Jesus Christ.” Childs, BTONT, 78 Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  24. O. T. Theology: Recent History • Evangelical Contributions: • Geerhardus Vos, Biblical Theology, 1948 • J. Barton Payne, The Theology of the Older Testament, 1962 • Gerhard Hasel, Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate, 1972 • William Dyrness, Themes in Old Testament Theology, 1977 • Walter Kaiser, Toward an Old Testament Theology,1978 • Ralph L. Smith, Old Testament Theology, 1993 • Paul House, Old Testament Theology, 1998> Old Testament Theology, Pt. 1

  25. OLD TESTAMENTTHEOLOGY

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