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CS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 17 Dynamic Scheduling: Tomasulo

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CS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 17 Dynamic Scheduling: Tomasulo

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    1. CS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 17 Dynamic Scheduling: Tomasulo

    2. The Five Classic Components of a Computer Today’s Topics: Recap last lecture Hardware loop unrolling with Tomasulo algorithm Administrivia Speculation, branch prediction Reorder buffers The Big Picture: Where are We Now? So where are in in the overall scheme of things. Well, we just finished designing the processor’s datapath. Now I am going to show you how to design the control for the datapath. +1 = 7 min. (X:47)So where are in in the overall scheme of things. Well, we just finished designing the processor’s datapath. Now I am going to show you how to design the control for the datapath. +1 = 7 min. (X:47)

    3. Another Dynamic Algorithm: Tomasulo Algorithm For IBM 360/91 about 3 years after CDC 6600 (1966) Goal: High Performance without special compilers Differences between IBM 360 & CDC 6600 ISA IBM has only 2 register specifiers/instr vs. 3 in CDC 6600 IBM has 4 FP registers vs. 8 in CDC 6600 IBM has memory-register ops Why Study? lead to Alpha 21264, HP 8000, MIPS 10000, Pentium II, PowerPC 604, …

    4. Tomasulo Algorithm vs. Scoreboard Control & buffers distributed with Function Units (FU) vs. centralized in scoreboard; FU buffers called “reservation stations”; have pending operands Registers in instructions replaced by values or pointers to reservation stations(RS); called register renaming ; avoids WAR, WAW hazards More reservation stations than registers, so can do optimizations compilers can’t Results to FU from RS, not through registers, over Common Data Bus that broadcasts results to all FUs Load and Stores treated as FUs with RSs as well Integer instructions can go past branches, allowing FP ops beyond basic block in FP queue

    5. Tomasulo Organization Resolve RAW memory conflict? (address in memory buffers) Integer unit executes in parallelResolve RAW memory conflict? (address in memory buffers) Integer unit executes in parallel

    6. Reservation Station Components Op: Operation to perform in the unit (e.g., + or –) Vj, Vk: Value of Source operands Store buffers has V field, result to be stored Qj, Qk: Reservation stations producing source registers (value to be written) Note: No ready flags as in Scoreboard; Qj,Qk=0 => ready Store buffers only have Qi for RS producing result Busy: Indicates reservation station or FU is busy Register result status—Indicates which functional unit will write each register, if one exists. Blank when no pending instructions that will write that register. What you might have thought 1. 4 stages of instruction executino 2.Status of FU: Normal things to keep track of (RAW & structura for busyl): Fi from instruction format of the mahine (Fi is dest) Add unit can Add or Sub Rj, Rk - status of registers (Yes means ready) Qj,Qk - If a no in Rj, Rk, means waiting for a FU to write result; Qj, Qk means wihch FU waiting for it 3.Status of register result (WAW &WAR)s: which FU is going to write into registers Scoreboard on 6600 = size of FU 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.12, 6.13, 6.16, 6.17 FU latencies: Add 2, Mult 10, Div 40 clocksWhat you might have thought 1. 4 stages of instruction executino 2.Status of FU: Normal things to keep track of (RAW & structura for busyl): Fi from instruction format of the mahine (Fi is dest) Add unit can Add or Sub Rj, Rk - status of registers (Yes means ready) Qj,Qk - If a no in Rj, Rk, means waiting for a FU to write result; Qj, Qk means wihch FU waiting for it 3.Status of register result (WAW &WAR)s: which FU is going to write into registers Scoreboard on 6600 = size of FU 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.12, 6.13, 6.16, 6.17 FU latencies: Add 2, Mult 10, Div 40 clocks

    7. Three Stages of Tomasulo Algorithm 1. Issue—get instruction from FP Op Queue If reservation station free (no structural hazard), control issues instr & sends operands (renames registers). 2. Execution—operate on operands (EX) When both operands ready then execute; if not ready, watch Common Data Bus for result 3. Write result—finish execution (WB) Write on Common Data Bus to all awaiting units; mark reservation station available Normal data bus: data + destination (“go to” bus) Common data bus: data + source (“come from” bus) 64 bits of data + 4 bits of Functional Unit source address Write if matches expected Functional Unit (produces result) Does the broadcast

    8. Tomasulo Example

    9. Tomasulo Example Cycle 1

    10. Tomasulo Example Cycle 2

    11. Tomasulo Example Cycle 3

    12. Tomasulo Example Cycle 4

    13. Tomasulo Example Cycle 5

    14. Tomasulo Example Cycle 6

    15. Tomasulo Example Cycle 7

    16. Tomasulo Example Cycle 8

    17. Tomasulo Example Cycle 9

    18. Tomasulo Example Cycle 10

    19. Tomasulo Example Cycle 11

    20. Tomasulo Example Cycle 12

    21. Tomasulo Example Cycle 13

    22. Tomasulo Example Cycle 14

    23. Tomasulo Example Cycle 15

    24. Tomasulo Example Cycle 16

    25. Faster than light computation (skip a couple of cycles)

    26. Tomasulo Example Cycle 55

    27. Tomasulo Example Cycle 56

    28. Tomasulo Example Cycle 57

    29. Compare to Scoreboard Cycle 62

    30. Pipelined Functional Units Multiple Functional Units (6 load, 3 store, 3 +, 2 x/÷) (1 load/store, 1 + , 2 x, 1 ÷) window size: ~ 14 instructions ~ 5 instructions No issue on structural hazard same WAR: renaming avoids stall completion WAW: renaming avoids stall issue Broadcast results from FU Write/read registers Control: reservation stations central scoreboard Tomasulo v. Scoreboard (IBM 360/91 v. CDC 6600)

    31. Complexity delays of 360/91, MIPS 10000, IBM 620? Many associative stores (CDB) at high speed Performance limited by Common Data Bus Multiple CDBs => more FU logic for parallel assoc stores Tomasulo Drawbacks

    32. Pentium-4 Architecture Microprocessor Report: August 2000 20 Pipeline Stages! Drive? Wire Delay! Trace-Cache: caching paths through the code for quick decoding. Renaming: similar to Tomasulo architecture Branch and DATA prediction!

    33. Tomasulo Loop Example Loop: LD F0 0 R1 MULTD F4 F0 F2 SD F4 0 R1 SUBI R1 R1 #8 BNEZ R1 Loop Assume Multiply takes 4 clocks Assume first load takes 8 clocks (cache miss), second load takes 1 clock (hit) To be clear, will show clocks for SUBI, BNEZ Reality: integer instructions ahead

    34. Loop Example

    35. Loop Example Cycle 1

    36. Loop Example Cycle 2

    37. Implicit renaming sets up “DataFlow” graph Loop Example Cycle 3

    38. What does this mean physically? Resolve RAW memory conflict? (address in memory buffers) Integer unit executes in parallelResolve RAW memory conflict? (address in memory buffers) Integer unit executes in parallel

    39. Dispatching SUBI Instruction Loop Example Cycle 4

    40. And, BNEZ instruction Loop Example Cycle 5

    41. Notice that F0 never sees Load from location 80 Loop Example Cycle 6

    42. Register file completely detached from iteration 1 Loop Example Cycle 7

    43. Loop Example Cycle 8 First and Second iteration completely overlapped

    44. What does this mean physically? Resolve RAW memory conflict? (address in memory buffers) Integer unit executes in parallelResolve RAW memory conflict? (address in memory buffers) Integer unit executes in parallel

    45. Load1 completing: who is waiting? Note: Dispatching SUBI Loop Example Cycle 9

    46. Load2 completing: who is waiting? Note: Dispatching BNEZ Loop Example Cycle 10

    47. Next load in sequence Loop Example Cycle 11

    48. Why not issue third multiply? Loop Example Cycle 12

    49. Loop Example Cycle 13

    50. Mult1 completing. Who is waiting? Loop Example Cycle 14

    51. Mult2 completing. Who is waiting? Loop Example Cycle 15

    52. Loop Example Cycle 16

    53. Loop Example Cycle 17

    54. Loop Example Cycle 18

    55. Loop Example Cycle 19

    56. Loop Example Cycle 20

    57. Why can Tomasulo overlap iterations of loops? Register renaming Multiple iterations use different physical destinations for registers (dynamic loop unrolling). Replace static register names from code with dynamic register “pointers” Effectively increases size of register file Permit instruction issue to advance past integer control flow operations. Crucial: integer unit must “get ahead” of floating point unit so that we can issue multiple iterations Other idea: Tomasulo building “DataFlow” graph.

    58. Recall: Unrolled Loop That Minimizes Stalls

    59. Summary #1/2 Reservations stations: renaming to larger set of registers + buffering source operands Prevents registers as bottleneck Avoids WAR, WAW hazards of Scoreboard Allows loop unrolling in HW Not limited to basic blocks (integer units gets ahead, beyond branches) Helps cache misses as well Lasting Contributions Dynamic scheduling Register renaming Load/store disambiguation 360/91 descendants are Pentium II; PowerPC 604; MIPS R10000; HP-PA 8000; Alpha 21264

    60. Dynamic hardware schemes can unroll loops dynamically in hardware! BUT: What about precise interrupts? Out-of-order execution ? out-of-order completion! BUT: What about branches? We can unroll loops in hardware only if we can get past branches Next time: Branch Prediction! How do we issue multiple instructions/cycle and still do out-of-order execution? Must increase instruction issue and retire bandwidth Summary #2/2

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