1 / 52

Parasitology

Parasitology. Mallory Smunk Katie Winkelman Bridget Weyer. What is a Parasite?. A parasite is an organism that depends on another organism, known as a host A parasite depends on its host for shelter and for food

ikia
Download Presentation

Parasitology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Parasitology Mallory SmunkKatie WinkelmanBridget Weyer

  2. What is a Parasite? • A parasite is an organism that depends on another organism, known as a host • A parasite depends on its host for shelter and for food • Parasitic infection may cause illness, disease and discomfort, or may show no signs at all

  3. What is a Parasite? • Classification of parasites • Ectoparasite- lives on the host’s body surface (Lice, Flea) • Endoparasite- lives inside the host’s body (Tapeworm, Roundworm)

  4. What is a Parasite? • Classification of parasites • Protazoa- single celled organisms • Helminths- wormlike organisms • Arthropods- organisms characterized by exterior skeletons and segmented bodies

  5. The History of Parasites • Early human ancestors had parasites, but until recently there was no evidence to support this claim. • Eggs of the lung fluke found in fossilized feces in Northern Chile (estimated 5900 B.C.) • Tapeworm eggs have been found present in Egyptian Mummies (estimated 2000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)

  6. The History of Parasites • First written records of parasitic infections come Egyptian medicine (3000 B.C.-400 B.C.) • Parsitology writings by Arabic physicians Rhazes (AD 850-923) and Avicenna (AD 980- 1037) clearly defined infections caused by parasites

  7. Bioterrorism & Argoterrorism • Parasites not as much of a threat • Intentional placement of parasites in food and water supplies could happen in the future

  8. The Future of Parasites • Researchers are trying to develop vaccines for parasites

  9. Dracunculus Medinensis

  10. Dracunculus Medinensis • threadlike parasitic worm that grows and matures in people. • Worms grow up to 3 feet long and are as wide as a paper clip wire. • Causes Dracunculiasis or Guinea Worm Disease.

  11. Dracunculus Medinensis • Occurs mostly in Africa • Contracted by drinking water that is contaminated by a water flea that is infected with the larvae of the Guinea Worm

  12. Dracunculus Medinensis • For the first year the immature worms cling to the walls of your intestines and mate. • After fertilization of female worms, the male dies. • Female worms will make there way through the body ending near lower limbs, maturing to 3 feet.

  13. Dracunculus Medinensis • Signs and Symptoms • Fever, pain and swelling in area where worm is about to emerge • Blister forms • When the wound is immerged in water the worm will emerge

  14. Dracunculus Medinensis • Guinea Worm treatment • Using a small stick, wrap around the end of the worm and remove little bits at a time • Treatment may take weeks or even months

  15. Hookworm

  16. Hookworm • Lives in small intestine of its host • Two types: • Ancylostoma duodenale • Necator americanus • Infects more than 600 million people worldwide

  17. Hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale • Worms are grayish white/pinkish with the head slightly bent in relation to the rest of the body • Two sets of teeth • Males 1 cm by 0.5 mm • Females much longer and stouter • Predominates in Middle East, North Africa, India, southern Europe

  18. Hookworm Necator americanus • Smaller than A. duodenale • Males usually 5-9 mm long • Females 1 cm long

  19. Hookworm Necator americanus • Possesses a pair of cutting plates in the buccal capsule • Hook shape is more define in Necator than in Ancylostoma • Predominates in Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China, and Indonesia

  20. Hookworm • Ground-itch, an allergic reaction at the site of parasitic penetration and entry • Cough and pneumonitis, may result as larvae begin to break into the alveoli and travel up trachea • Larvae reach the small intestine of host and begin to mature, the infected individual will suffer from diarrhea and other gastrointestinal discomfort

  21. Hookworm • Signs and symptoms • Can be linked to inflammation in the gut stimulated by feeding hookworms such as: • Nausea • Palpitations • Abdominal Pain • Anemia • Shortness of breath • Thready pulse • Edema

  22. Hookworm • The eggs can only hatch if the following conditions exist: • Thrives in warm earth where temperatures are over 18°C • Exist primarily in sandy or loamy soil and cannot live in clay or muck • Rainfall averages must be more than 1000mm a year • Necator americanus can survive at higher temperatures than Ancylostoma duodenale

  23. Hookworm

  24. Hookworm • Diagnosis • Finding characteristic worm eggs on microscopic examination of the stools, although this is not possible in early infection • Eggs are: • Oval or elliptical • 60 micrometers by 40 micrometers • Not bile stained • Thin transparent hyaline shell membrane

  25. Hookworm • Prevention • Do not defecate in places other than the restroom • Do not use human excrement or raw sewage or untreated ‘night soil’ as manure/fertilizer in agriculture • Do not walk barefoot in known infected areas • Deworm your pets

  26. Hookworm • Can be treated with local cryotherapy when it is still in the skin • Albendazole is effective both in the intestinal stage and during the stage the parasite is still migrating under the skin • Most common treatment: • Benzimidazoles (BZAs) (kills adult worms) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqAfhT11Ed8

  27. Giardia intestinalis

  28. Giardia Intestinalis • Parasite that causes the infection, Giardiasis (A.K.A Beaver Fever) • Effects up to 2.5 million people a year in the United States • Giardiasis is the most seen waterborne illness in people

  29. Giardia Intestinalis • Cysts are found in the feces of the infected and water contaminated by the infected • Spread person to person by contamination of food with feces, or by direct fecal-oral contamination

  30. Giardia Intestinalis • Diagnosed by examination of stool under microscope for cysts or trophozoites • Antigen testing of stool will identify up to 90% of people infected • Collection of fluid from the duodenum or biopsy of small intestine can also be tested

  31. Giardia Intestinalis • Signs and symptoms • Diarrhea in 60-90% of patients • Abdominal pain • Bloating • Nausea with or without vomitting • Malaise • Fatigue • Foul flatus • Burping • Halitosis- foul smelling breath • Lactose intolerance may occur in some cases

  32. Giardia Intestinalis • Preventive measures • Practice good hygiene • Avoid contaminated water • Avoid food that may be contaminated • Avoid fecal exposure during sexual intercourse, especially while experiencing diarrhea from giardiasis

  33. Giardia Intestinalis • Treatment for Giardiasis • Furoxene for 7-10 days (Only approved drug in U.S.) • Outside U.S. Tinidazole is approved for use • Metronidazole is most effective drug to treat Giardiasis, however, it is not FDA approved in the U.S.

  34. Liver & Lung Flukes

  35. Liver & Lung Flukes • Most important and recognized types of flukes are: • Paragonimus westermani, lung fluke that causes paragonmiasis • Clonorchis Sinensis, liver fluke that causes clonorchiasis • Opisthorcus spp., which causes opisthorchiasis

  36. Liver & Lung Flukes • Adult flukes are typically flat, oval-shaped • Layer of muscles just below the skin, that allows the worm to expand and contract it’s shape enabling it to move • Oral sucker on the anterior end, sometimes ringed with hooks, that it uses to attach itself to the host’s tissues

  37. Liver & Lung Flukes • Flukes are commonly found throughout Africa, South America, Middle-East, and Asia • Not common in North America but cases have been reported • Approximately 50 million cases worldwide

  38. Liver & Lung Flukes • Contracted by eating raw or undercooked crabs and crayfish or drinking from a contaminated water supply • Lung flukes travel to the small intestine and then migrate towards lungs • Fluke parasites lay eggs and cause inflammation and scar tissue to develop • These pockets of infection may rupture, causing infected person to cough up fluke eggs, blood, and inflamed lung tissue.

  39. Liver & Lung Flukes • Lung fluke symptoms • Chest pain • Fever • Abdominal pain • Diarrhea • Bloody sputum • Liver fluke symptoms • Chronic diarrhea • Abdominal pain • Ulcers • Liver damage • Toxemia can occur when host’s body absorbs the worm’s metabolites

  40. Liver & Lung Flukes • Only limited information is known about treating fluke infections • There are a few medications used to kill flukes: • Praziquantel • Niclosamide • Tetrachloroethylene

  41. Trichomoniasis

  42. Trichomoniasis • Sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis • One of the most common STDs in the United States • Increases the risk of HIV transmission • Associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, infertility, postoperative infections, and cervical neoplasia

  43. Trichomoniasis • The parasite is sexually transmitted through penis-to-vagina intercourse or vulva-to-vulva contact with an infected partner • Women can acquire the disease from infected men or women, but men usually contract it only from infected women

  44. Trichomoniasis

  45. Trichomoniasis • Approximately the size of a WBC • Flagellum allows it to move around vaginal and urethral tissues • Symptoms occur after an incubation period of 4-28 days

  46. Trichomoniasis • In women: • Isolated from the vagina, cervix, urethra, bladder, and Bartholin and Skene glands • In men: • Found in the anterior urethra, external genitalia, prostate, epididymis, and semen

  47. Trichomoniasis • Signs and Symptoms • Frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor • Discomfort during intercourse and urination • Irritation and itching of female genital area • Lower abdominal pain

  48. Trichomoniasis • A health care provider must perform a physical examination and laboratory test • The parasite is harder to detect in men than women • In a pelvic examination of a female it may reveal small red ulcerations on the vaginal wall or cervix • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j5Th5eqXko&NR=1

  49. Sources • Trichomoniasis. (2010). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomoniasis • CDC fact sheet Trichomoniasis. (2007). What is trichomoniasis? Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfa ct-trichomoniasis.htm • Trichomoniasis. (2010). Emedicine. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-print

  50. Sources • Guinea Worm Disease Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2010, from Department of Health Promotion and Education: http://www.dhpe.org/infect/guinea.html • Guinea-Worm Disease. (2010). Retrieved August 15, 2010, from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/guinea/en/

More Related