Justice Konda Madhava Reddy Memorial Lecture 2004

1. Justice Konda Madhava Reddy Memorial Lecture 2004 The Indian Institute of Public Administration, Mumbai 25 November 2004 "Building Sustainable Food and Water Security Systems" M.S. Swaminathan Chairman, National Commission on Farmers, GOI

2. Yashwantrao Chavan A crusader for Food, Water and Livelihood Security and for Social Justice and Economic Prosperity

3. Hunger Map - FAO

5. Water Poverty Index (Developed by Drs Caroline Sullivan and Jeremy Meigh, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK) Indicators • Available Resource • Access to Water • People’s capacity to afford and organise water supplies • Use of water for domestic, industrial and environmental purposes • Environmental Management (Hydrologic Security)

6. Water Poverty Source : The World’s Water 2002-2003; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, World Water Council * 2000 estimate 1 2002

7. Building a Sustainable Water Security System Pathways • Supply augmentation • Demand management • Quality monitoring and improvement • Harnessing new technologies • Solar desalination • Breeding for abiotic stresses (Mendelian and Molecular approaches) • Bioremediation • Precision farming, fertigation and green house horticulture • Information and Communication technologies for launching a Water Literacy Movement

8. Building a Sustainable Water Security System Contd…

9. Building a Sustainable Water Security System

10. Low Water Farm Park • Mulching and enhancing the water holding capacity of the soil • Water harvesting • Economic and efficient use of water (drip, sprinkler, etc.) • Cultivation of low water requiring but high nutritive and economic value crops, like pulses, millets, oil seeds, fodder, feed and medicinal plants

11. Sea Water Farming for Coastal Area Prosperity Sea Water : 97% of Global Water Pool Agriculture : Consumes over 80% of fresh water Components of Action Plan • Mixed cropping of Mangroves, Salicornia and Atriplex • Sustainable capture fisheries • Low external input sustainable aquaculture (shrimp farming) • Market driven off-farm enterprises to improve the population supporting capacity of the ecosystem.

12. 8.3 tC/ha from atmosphere 12.7 t/ha biomass (dry) (5.0 tC/ha) 11.0 t/ha biomass (dry) (3.3 tC/ha) Mangrove Carbon Fixation at One Year

13. Salicornia brachiata Salicornia brachiata individual plant Hyper saline coastal area Salicornia different growth stages used for Salt preparation, Vegetables, fodder, Oil, animal meal form Seed, herbal salt Salicornia cultivation

14. cDNA libraries were constructed from the Mangrove species Avicennia marina • A number of genes with potential application to abiotic stress has been isolated and charactreised • Four isolated genes were used for developing transgenics in rice, Brassica and Vigna Avicennia marina Transgenic plants with salinity tolerance genes

15. Transgenic (T1) rice plants with genes from mangroves in the greenhouse

16. Low cost Green Houses and Economic Water Use Ideal where evapo- transpiration exceeds precipitation Eg. Kutchh

17. Dying Wisdom: Temple Tanks When the British came in 1600 AD, there were already hundreds of thousands of tanks across the country. The tanks and their catchments had religious importance and were not polluted

18. Household Water Harvesting Structure in Kumaon Hills Built in 7th Century AD

19. Chennai Rain Center: A Single StopInformation Source Launching a Water Literacy Movement

20. Community Managed Gene, Seed, Water and Food Security System Gene Bank Seed Bank Water Bank Grain Bank Tribal Community in Koraput, Orissa was awarded the Equator Initiative Award at Johannesburg, 2003

21. Strengthening Water Security • Undertake eco-restoration of hydrologic hot spots • Develop ground water sanctuaries in chronically drought prone areas • Give priority to Water Saving and Sharing in the Employment Guarantee programme initiated in 150 district

22. SarvodayaCommunity Co-operation Community is humanity’s most holistic win / win expression of doing more with less. This success-generating context is as true for cities and towns as it is for nations and states. The ultimate understanding of community is that we each have two homes – one we can lock and call our own – the other, having neither doors nor walls, can only be shared. Vernon D Swaback, FAIA, FAICP

23. Choice of Crop duration in Rice according to Water availability

24. Inter – row Water Harvesting Need for Appropriate Implements

25. Community Water Harvesting and Cultivation of High value but low water requiring crops (Grain Legumes)

26. Monsoon Management Crop Weather Watch Groups Simulation Modelling • Alternative cropping strategies • Seed reserves to implement contingency plans • Rural Climate Managers • Computer-aided knowledge centres

27. National Monsoon Management Strategy Most Seriously Affected Areas (MSA) Most Favourable Areas (MFA) • Food, water and fodder security • Ground Water Sanctuaries • Crop life saving agronomy • Compensatory production programmes • Production of seeds, feed grains, fodder and fuel wood

28. Building a Sustainable Water Security System Integrated Strategy – for Today: • Sea Water : Coastal Agro-aqua farms and sea water farming • Sewage and Effluents : Mandatory treatment and recycling • Rain Water : Mandatory harvesting, storage and economic use • Ground Water : Legislation to regard ground water as a public rather than a private resource • Rivers, Lakes, Tanks and Wells : Attention to quality and efficiency • Basic Ground Rule : Conjunctive use of different water sources Attention to Water quality

29. Water Quality Public Policy and Action • Policy for the safe and responsible use of pesticides • Define Food Security as “physical, economic, ecological and social access to balanced diet and safe drinking water” • Designate one woman and one male member in all grassroot elected bodies as Water Quality Managers

31. Hunger Chronic Hidden Transient Food Security Availability Access Absorption Awareness – Analysis - Action

32. Source : FAO

33. Enhancing our Agricultural Competitiveness Basic Thrusts A. Steps have to be taken to enhance • Sustainabilitythrough conservation and enhancement of the basic life support systems (land, water, forests, biodiversity and the atmosphere). • Productivity through bridging the gap between potential and actual yields.  • Quality through awareness of Codex Alimentariusstandards and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. • Incomethrough enhancement of factor productivity, farming system diversification and value addition

34. Paradigm Shift : Adding the Dimension of Environmental sustainability Green Revolution Ever-green Revolution Commodity Centered and Laboratory Research Integrated Natural Resources Management Centered and Participatory Research with Farm Families

35. Concept of Ever-green Revolution What nations with small farms and resource poor farmers need is the enhancement of productivity in perpetuity, without associated ecological or social harm. The green revolution should become an ever-green revolution rooted in the principles of ecology, economics and social and gender equity. - M S Swaminathan, 1990

36. Biotechnology and Organic Agriculture 2) Water Quality 1) Soil Health 3) Plant Health • Bioremediation • Vermiculture • Bio-fertilisers • Stem nodulating green manure crops • Genetic Resistance • Biopesticides Organic Farming 6) Environment 4) Post-harvest Technology • Biomonitoring through Bio-indicators • Higher Carbon Sequestration • New strains with improved keeping, processing and transport qualities 5) Animal Health • Vaccines • High quality feeds and fodder IFOAM : Genetic Engineering is excluded in organic agriculture

37. Managing Change in Agriculture

38. Climate Change and Food and Livelihood Security Impact on • Temperature • Precipitation • Sea level • Incidence of Cyclones, Storms and Weather related Calamities

39. Crop Duration and Grain Yield of Wheat at Different Locations Source: Based on several years data from the All India Coordinated Project on Wheat improvement. ICAR, New Delhi

40. Coping Strategies Changes in Land Use • Changes in farmed area • Changes in cropping and farming systems Changes in Agronomic Management • Water management • Soil health management • Management of weeds, pests and diseases • Drainage and control of erosion Changes in Crop and Livestock Farming Systems

41. Mapping Response Zones • Most Favourable Areas (MFA) : Compensatory Production programmes • Most Seriously Affected Areas (MSA) : Relief and Rehabilitation measures • Drought, Flood and Good Weather Codes

42. Minimising Vulnerability • Village Knowledge Centres (VKC)(one woman & one man in every village) • Rural Climate Managers • Cattle Camps • Integrated Insurance for Human Security : Health, Weather, Crops and livestock

43. Jamsetiji Tata National Virtual Academy for Rural Prosperity [NVA] ICT-enabled knowledge flow Lab to Lab, Lab to Land, Land to Lab, Land to Land Satellite Web based interactive portal State Level Hub (MSSRF) Data Managers (both connectivity and content) Data Generators & Providers Data Users (Rural families) Block level hub

44. Internet Radio - Synergy M S S R F Cable Radio Educational Institutions Community Radio

45. MSSRF-TATA National Virtual Academy Forward Channel MSSRF-ISROVillage Resource Centers 1536 Kbps Return Channel 384 Kbps MSSRF-Chennai Sempatti Tele-Agriculture Tele-Fisheries Tele-Medicine Tele-Health Tele-Education Rameswaram Thiruvaiyaru

46. Sulphur and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Semi-arid Areas Soil Analysis Data • Typical soil analysis results of samples from Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Kurnool showed • 90% fields were deficient in sulfur • 81-94% in zinc and • 92-100% were deficient in boron Source : ICRISAT

47. Effects of Fertilizer Application on Yields of Crops • The application of nitrogen and phosphorus with micronutrients increased yields over the control (farmer’s practices) • Maize – 79% • Groundnut – 28% • Green gram – 51% • Castor – 61% Source : ICRISAT

48. 2004 : International Year of Rice From Green to Gene Revolution in Rice Potential yield (t/ha) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1995 Indica/ Indica hybrids 1965 1990 2005 Indica/ Tropical japonica hybrids 1930 Pureline selection 1950 Cross breds 2010 Biotech- nology 8000 BC 1900 Land races 2000 New plant type Semidwarfs (IR8) (IR72) Public Sector Public-Private Sector

49. Hybrid Rice and raising the ceiling to yield

50. Hybrid Wheat : Seed Production Plot