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FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI

FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI. Powerful Budd. Monasteries. Influence of T’ang Dynasty. Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59). Powerful rural nobles (FC.59). Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an.

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FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI

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  1. FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them Rival buddhist sects est. monasteries & own armies  Chronic source of trouble Revolts by frontier warlords & native Ainu Expose govt’s milit. weakness Brilliant court life Influenced later Jap. art & poetry Nobles & court cut off from rest of soc. Rising power of provincial warlords Decline of central govt. & Fujiwara infl. at court Civil war which Minamoto clan wins Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333) Set up the Bakufu, small efficient milit. Govt. ruling over warrior class of samurai characterized by: The Bushido, a strict code of honor demanding selfless loyalty, bravery, & willingness to suffer hardships Lighter armor of lacquered iron scales & proficiency in both the sword & bow, emphasizing flexibility Hojo regency (1205-1333) which is strong at first Until 2 unsuccessful Mongol invasions create problems: Peaceful conditions & rise of middle class & money econ Samurai mad at not getting rewarded Inflation cuts into nobles’ income Huge cost to defeat the Mongols Nobles imitate rich life at court Hojo power seriously weakened Poor samurai become ronin (bandits) Ashikaga Shogunate replaces Hojo Regency (1338-1573) Growing turmoil & rising power of local warlords (FC.61)

  2. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Who especially influenced Japanese culture?

  3. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) "There are three things which I cannot control, the fall of the dice, the flow of the River Kamo, and …."

  4. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) "There are three things which I cannot control, the fall of the dice, the flow of the River Kamo, & the turbulent monks of Mount Hiei." What especially hurt state revenues?

  5. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Main threat to central govt?

  6. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59)

  7. Ritual impurity every time an • emp. Dies • Hard to get perm. capital FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) • Govt. copied Chinese court • rank system w/top 5 ranks • Allowed to wear special • clothes & enter emp’s • audience chamber • Rank  income fr. peasant • estates Where do they move the capital? Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an • Peasants commend land to • monast’s for rents cheaper • than taxes •  Rich monks who could live • at court More power & • influence for monast’s •  Move capital away from • Buddhist influence

  8. *** FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Heian-Kyo means “Capital of eternal tranquility Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) • Capital had forests or • mts. to East, west, & N; • - Yodo R.-> transp. • Main avenue 300ft. wide ; • Rect. grid w/palace in N. • Other broad avenues • flanked by trees Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an • Sacred nature of Heian-Kyo • helped protect it

  9. Japan’s first capital, Nara, was laid out in a rectangular grid like the Chinese capital, Ch’ang An. However, the troublesome power of local monasteries forced the emperors to move to Heian-Kyo.

  10. Daibatsu temple, the world’s largest wooden building in Nara, Japan’s first capital until 794 when it was moved to Heian-Kyo (modern Kyoto).

  11. Statue of Buddha at Daibatsu Temple in Nara

  12. The original Heian-era imperial residence, built when the capital was moved from Nara in 794.

  13. A bridge, pond and small garden on the original Imperial Palace grounds at Shinsen’en.

  14. A palace in Kyoto

  15. The bell at Hojo-ki temple in Kyoto

  16. The Silver Pavilion in Kyoto

  17. Kiyomizudera Temple, Kyoto

  18. Kinkaku, also known as the Golden Pavilion, near Kyoto, is one of Japan’s loveliest buildings

  19. Aerial view of the Golden Pavilion and the surrounding area

  20. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Who actually ruled for the emperors? How did they get their power? Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them

  21. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them

  22. A map of a center of Fujiwara power near Esashi in northern Japan c.1080. While a bit grander and more elaborate than the typical samurai lord’s castle, it shows the layout and fortifications typical of many warlords through the 1500s.

  23. A map of the government and palace complex built by the Fujiwaras near Esashi in 1100s. It was meant to rival the splendor of the court at Heian-Kyo in the South.

  24. A reconstruction of the Fujiwara residence near Esashi. This is often used as a set for historical dramas based on early Japan.

  25. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them Brilliant court life Influenced later Jap. art & poetry Nobles & court cut off from rest of soc.

  26. A diagram of a typical noble’s home during the Heian period

  27. During the Heian period fashion counted for everything. Women shaved their eyebrows & redrew them higher on their foreheads. Long hair was highly valued, especially if it were longer than woman’s height.

  28. Both sexes chose to have their faces painted white

  29. Among the stranger customs at the Japanese court was the custom of staining one’s teeth black with a mixture of oxidized iron shavings melted in vinegar and powdered gallnuts. The thought was that white teeth look glaring and hideous. During the Muromachi period (1336-1568) lower classes adopted this practice, starting from the age of puberty. In the Edo period (1603-1868), married women were required to dye their teeth black.

  30. start shave eyebrows paint new eyebrows blacken teeth paint lips never cut hair How to become a Heian court beauty in six easy steps

  31. A woman would typically wear five layers of silk robes, although it might run up to 30. However, if she got a shade just slightly wrong, she could be mercilessly subjected to humiliation and gossip.

  32. Among men it was fashionable to wear a small patch of beard on their chins and head gear that made them look like quails. Men made perfume blending a fine art so that one could identify a man in a dark room by his scent. They also cultivated good manners, such as knocking on a lady’s door by scratching it with his pinky finger.

  33. One of the more popular entertainments was the winding water banquet where one who came upon a floating cup of wine had to take a sip and compose a poem on the spot. Another popular event was viewing the harvest moon from a dragonboat, a ceremony that is still carried on today.

  34. Other leisure activities were cherry blossom viewing tours, cuckoo viewing, and Chrysanthemum viewing festivals where participants would write poems & then drink wine steeped in Chrysanthemums.

  35. Heian women rarely went outdoors, although in winter they were occasionally allowed to go out & roll in the snow.

  36. Hiragana (left) is one of two Japanese syllabaries termed as kana, the other being katakana. Kanji are Chinese characters used to write certain parts of the Japanese language. They have different semantic value in Japanese than they have in Chinese, but phonetically they are the same. There are literally thousands of kanji characters. Men at court wrote the more difficult kanji, made all the more challenging by the emphasis put on calligraphy. Women wrote in the simpler kana script, sometimes referred to as women’s writing. However, this freed women to write more, and most of what we know about Japanese court life was written by women.

  37. The most notable example of “women’s writing” is Lady Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji, an epic romance about the pursuit of love. While it spans several generations, it mainly concerns the title character’s search for love, even with common women and a 10 year old girl whom he raises and marries as his fourth wife. The Tale of Genji has been one of the most popular works of Japanese literature down through the centuries, inspiring numerous commentaries, one of which written in 1200’s was 54 volumes in length.

  38. A man sneaks a peek at a potential future lover. Since young women lived secluded lives, this was the only way for a man to know whom he might want to court. As a result, such peeping toms were tolerated in Japanese society.

  39. The preliminary move in courting a woman was to write a poem, using just the right syllables and paper with appropriate color and folding, which the woman on the left seems to be scrutinizing. Below, a lady and her confidants seem to be analyzing the true meaning of a love note.

  40. A messenger delivers a letter into the anxious hands of her lady’s lover. Such servants often played a vital role in getting two lovers together.

  41. While a couple may think they are sharing an evening alone, two women eavesdrop through the paper-thin walls that must have made true privacy nearly impossible to attain.

  42. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them Religious problem? Brilliant court life Influenced later Jap. art & poetry Nobles & court cut off from rest of soc.

  43. A FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them Rival buddhist sects est. monasteries & own armies  Chronic source of trouble Brilliant court life Influenced later Jap. art & poetry Nobles & court cut off from rest of soc.

  44. Ironically, some of the most troublesome elements in Japanese society were Buddhist monks. Unlike the West, where there were constant doctrinal disputes, monks in Japan mainly fought over the appointments of leaders of their monasteries. The scene at left depicts rioting warrior monks, known as sohei, demonstrating in the streets of Heian-Kyo in 1146. To further intimidate the populace, they have brought out their mikoshi, a sacred image rarely seen in public. The monks on Mt. Hiei outside Heian-Kyo were especially powerful and troublesome, deriving their power from the fact that Mt. Hiei was north-east of of the imperial city, the direction from which evil spirits attack cities. Therefore, Mt. Hiei was considered sacred for its role in protecting the capital.

  45. Sohei in training. Their preferred weapon was the niginata, a curved blade at the end of a long pole.

  46. Over time, warrior monks became involved in broader political struggles. Here they are defending a bridge at the battle of Uji in 1180.

  47. In 1180, the same year as the battle of Uji, another band of warrior monks burned the old capital city, Nara.

  48. *** FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them Rival buddhist sects est. monasteries & own armies  Chronic source of trouble What’s happening on the frontiers? Brilliant court life Influenced later Jap. art & poetry Nobles & court cut off from rest of soc.

  49. *** FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI FC.60 JAPAN FROM THE HEIANKYO PERIOD TO THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI Influence of T’ang Dynasty Powerful Budd. Monasteries Powerful Budd. Monasteries Influence of T’ang Dynasty Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Tax exemptions hurt state (FC.59) Powerful rural nobles (FC.59) Move capital to Heian-Kyo (Kyoto), modeled after Chin. capital, Ch’ang-an Fujiwara family intermarries with emperors & rules for them Rival buddhist sects est. monasteries & own armies  Chronic source of trouble Revolts by frontier warlords & native Ainu Expose govt’s milit. weakness Brilliant court life Influenced later Jap. art & poetry Nobles & court cut off from rest of soc. Power of central govt. & Fujiwara? Rising power of provincial warlords Decline of central govt. & Fujiwara infl. at court

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