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CPT Joseph Hout, Assistant Professor, MSPH, REHS Winter, 2008

CPT Joseph Hout, Assistant Professor, MSPH, REHS Winter, 2008. Recreational Water. Learning Objectives. Be familiar with definitions used in class Be familiar with waterborne bacteria, viruses, helminths and fungi and the diseases they cause

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CPT Joseph Hout, Assistant Professor, MSPH, REHS Winter, 2008

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  1. CPT Joseph Hout, Assistant Professor,MSPH, REHS Winter, 2008 Recreational Water

  2. Learning Objectives • Be familiar with definitions used in class • Be familiar with waterborne bacteria, viruses, helminths and fungi and the diseases they cause • Know the standards for pools, hot tubs, and beaches • Be familiar with the various types of water disinfection • Perform turnover rate, pH, and volume calculations • Know actions to perform in the event of an accidental pool discharge

  3. Waterborne Bacteria

  4. Waterborne Bacteria

  5. Waterborne Bacteria

  6. Waterborne Bacteria

  7. Waterborne Bacteria NOT SALMONELLOSIS!!!!

  8. Food Borne Bacteria Infections NOT TYPHOID FEVER

  9. Waterborne Bacteria

  10. Waterborne Bacteria

  11. Waterborne Bacteria

  12. Waterborne Bacteria

  13. Waterborne Bacteria

  14. Waterborne Bacteria

  15. Water Borne Viruses

  16. Water Borne Viruses

  17. Water Borne Viruses

  18. Water Borne Viruses

  19. Waterborne Protozoa

  20. Waterborne Protozoa

  21. Waterborne Protozoa

  22. Waterborne Protozoa

  23. Waterborne Protozoa

  24. Waterborne Protozoa

  25. Waterborne Protozoa

  26. Waterborne Protozoa

  27. Waterborne Helminths

  28. Waterborne Helminths

  29. Waterborne Helminths

  30. Waterborne Helminths

  31. Waterborne Helminths

  32. Waterborne Fungi

  33. Spa and Hot Tubs • 10ft2 per user • 100-102 F Max • pH 7.5 • Turnover rate 30 min • Free Cl residual: 3-5 ppm

  34. Swimming Pools • Free available chlorine: 1-3 ppm • pH 7.2-7.6 • Alkalinity 50 – 150 mg/l • Coliform – max of 15% can be positive over 30 day period (minimum of 5 samples) • Staphylococcus ssp- not more than 50 cfu/ml • Clarity – 6” secchi disk clear to pool bottom • Turbidity - .5 NTU max • 78-82 F • Never <85F

  35. Swimming Pools • Life saving equipment/2000 ft2 water surface • 12 – 15 ft shepherd’s hook • Coast Guard approved 18” float ring, 50’ line • Spine board • First aid kit • Signage • Telephone • Minimum 4’ high fence • Self closing gate • Latch > 40” off ground

  36. Swimming Pools • Turnover Rates • Public pool – every 6-8 hours • Private pool – every 12 hrs • Wading pool – every 1-2 hrs • Public spa – every 30 minutes • 5 turnovers = 100% of water molecules Turnover = Pool capacity (gallons)/flow (gpm) * 1/60 (min/hr) Pool capacity • Rectangle pool – length*width*avr depth*7.5 = gallons • Round pool – 3.14r2 * avr depth * 7.5 = gallons

  37. Swimming Pools • pH • Measure of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions. • Low pH = high concentration of H+ • High pH = low concentration of H+ • Pure water = pH 7 • pH = -log[H+] • Below 7 or above 8 = eye irritation and metal corrosion • >8 greatly reduces the effect of chlorination • To raise pH – add sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 or soda ash) • To lower pH – add sodium bisulfphate (NaHSO4) or HCl

  38. Swimming Pools • Alkalinity • Measure of the acid reducing capacity available in the water • Not a measure of pH • Maintain 50 – 150 mg/l • Total dissolved solids (TDS) • Measures all materials dissolved in water • Above 1500 ppm reduces Cl efficiency and clouds water • Must dilute!!!!!

  39. Swimming Pools • Filters • Sand • Rapid sand pressure filter – older large pools • High rate sand filter – finer sand than rapid • Vacuum sand filter – large open tanks, requires lots of space • Diatomaceous earth • Fossilized diatoms (single celled plants) • Light, porous, honeycomb structure • Lots of surface area (more than sand) • Cheap, natural, stable

  40. Swimming Pools • Algae control • Superchlorination • CuSO4 • Algaecides • Scale control (build up of calcium carbonate) • Laneglier saturation index • Calculation that takes pH, temp, Ca, and alkalinity into account • Positive = will cause scaling – CaCO3 will precipitate • Negative = will not scale – water dissolve CaCO3 • Ideal = 0

  41. Swimming Pools • Shocking (Superchlorination or nonchlorine) • 1-3 ppm recommended chlorine does mitigate all bacteriological risks • Pools require regular shocking to remain safe • Pools - every 2 weeks or every week when heated • Superchlorination • When Combine Chlorine – FAC > .2 mg/l • Bring the water to 10X the value of (CC – FAC) • Should get you to the breakpoint • Point where all Cl added results in FAC • Read product – tells the FAC needed for shocking

  42. Swimming Pools • Shocking (cont) • Nonchlorine • Bromination • Same formula as chlorination • Use Potassium monopersulfate • Clean filter and backwash before • Do not allow bathers to re enter until • Chlorine 1 - 3 ppm • Bromine 3 – 5 ppm

  43. Swimming Pools • Accidental discharges • Formed stool • Evacuate bathers and remove fecal matter • Raise FAC to 2 ppm for 30 minute contact time • Establish a fecal accident log • Diarrhea • Evacuate bathers and remove fecal matter • Raise FAC to 20 ppm for 12.75 hrs contact time • Establish a fecal accident log • Vomit – follow fecal accident protocol • Blood spill – no public health reason to close the pool if pool was > 1ppm FAC

  44. Public Beaches • EPA RECOMMEDED Standards • Fecal coliform • Not less than 5 samples over 30 days • Not to exceed a log mean of 200/100ml • Not more than 10% of total samples during any 30 day period shall exceed 400/100ml • pH 6.5-8.3 • Samples collected every 300ft in 2 ft of water • 8” Secchi disk used for clarity • Visible at 4 ft

  45. Disinfection • Chlorine • Most popular and inexpensive • Continuous feed into public pools • DPD test kit (diethyl-p-phyenylenediamine) • Cyanuric acid to stabilize Cl from UV • Free available chlorine (FAC) • 1-3 ppm @ pH 7.2-7.5 for pools • 3-5 ppm @ pH 7.5-7.6 for hot tubs • Chloramine is a poor sanitizer • Urine in pool or hot tub

  46. Disinfection • Bromine • More expensive than chlorine • Bromamine is better sanitizer than chloramine • Bromine residual • 3-5 ppm in swimming pools • 4-6 ppm in hot tubs • Lowers the pH of water • Easily destroyed by UV • Cyanuric acid does not stabilize bromine

  47. Disinfection • Ozone (O3) • 3000 times faster than chlorine • Very volatile – no residual • Must be produced on site • No disinfection bi products • Ultra Violet (UV) • Short life – no residual • Need to produce on site • No disinfection bi products

  48. Questions ?

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