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Introduction to Networking Technologies

DRAFT. Introduction to Networking Technologies. Stefan Karsten Technical Consultant e-mail: karst02@cai.com. Agenda. RMON VLAN Frame Relay ATM. RMON.

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Introduction to Networking Technologies

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  1. DRAFT Introduction to Networking Technologies Stefan Karsten Technical Consultant e-mail: karst02@cai.com

  2. Agenda • RMON • VLAN • Frame Relay • ATM

  3. RMON • Remote Monitoring Management Information Base (RMON MIB) was developed by a working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for network monitoring • It uses SNMP and its standard MIB design to provide multivendor interoperability between monitoring products and management stations

  4. RMON • RMON MIB software agents can be located on a variety of devices • Network interconnects such as bridges, routers, or hubs; • dedicated or non-dedicated hosts • customized platforms specifically designed as network management instruments

  5. RMON • RMON MIB is organized into nine groups for Ethernet (RFC 1271) and ten groups for Token Ring (RFC 1513) • Enhancements through RMON2 (RFC 2074,RFC 2021)

  6. RMON Ethernet groups • Statistics • Statistics about packets, octets, broadcasts, and multicasts on a local segment • Packet size distribution • Error counters for collisions, undersized packets, fragments, CRC, jabbers and oversized packets

  7. RMON Ethernet groups • History • Historical view of the statistics in the Statistical group except packet size distribution. Memory consuming • Host Table • Hosts statistics of packets sent and received, octets set and received, broadcasts, multicasts and error packets sent

  8. RMON Ethernet groups • Host Top N • Extends the Host Table by providing sorted hosts statistics of the top N nodes sent over the last 24 hours • Traffic Matrix • Shows the amount of traffic and number or errors between pair of nodes

  9. RMON Ethernet groups • Alarms • Setting Thresholds and sampling intervals to generate events on any counter maintained by the agent • Filters • Fills packet capture buffer with packets that match filters installed by the user

  10. RMON Ethernet groups • Packet Capture • Includes the capability for users to create a multiple number of capture buffers and to control when to wrap or stop capturing • Events • Entries created in the monitor log or SNMP traps send from the agent to the management station on Alarms of the Event group

  11. RMON Token Ring groups • Host Group, Filter Group,Matrix Group • as defined for Ethernet • Mac-Layer Statistics • collects information from Mac Layer, including error reports for the ring and ring utilization of the Mac Layer. • Promiscuous Statistics • collects utilization statistics from data packets collected promiscuously • Waldbusser [Page 4] • RFC 1513 Token Ring Extensions to RMON MIB September 1993 • 3.2. The Token Ring History Groups • The Token Ring History Groups contain historical utilization and • error statistics. The statistics are broken down into two groups, • the Token Ring Mac-Layer History Group and the Token Ring Promiscuous • History Group. The Token Ring Mac-Layer History Group collects • information from Mac Layer, including error reports for the ring and • ring utilization of the Mac Layer. The Token Ring Promiscuous • History Group collects utilization statistics from data packets • collected promiscuously. • 3.3. The Token Ring Ring Station Group • The Token Ring Ring Station Group contains statistics and status • information associated with each Token Ring station on the local • ring. In addition, this group provides status information for each • ring being monitored. • 3.4. The Token Ring Ring Station Order Group • The Token Ring Ring Station Order Group provides the order of the • stations on monitored rings. • 3.5. The Token Ring Ring Station Config Group • The Token Ring Ring Station Config Group manages token ring stations • through active means. Any station on a monitored ring may be removed • or have configuration information downloaded from it. • 3.6. The Token Ring Source Routing Group

  12. RMON Token Ring groups • Station • contains statistics and status information associated with each Token Ring station on the local ring • Station Order • provides the order of the stations on monitored rings

  13. RMON Token Ring groups • Station Order • provides the order of the stations on monitored rings • Ring Station Config • manages token ring stations through active means. Any station on a monitored ring may be removedor have configuration information downloaded from it

  14. RMON Token Ring groups • Source Routing • contains utilization statistics derived from source routing information optionally present in token ring packets

  15. Traditional Fully Routed Network • Most networks consists of a simple, hierarchical arrangement • Routers allowed communication between networks when necessary • Traditional routers are slow, complicated and expensive

  16. Hub Hub Hub Hub PCs PCs PCs PCs Server Server Server Server Traditional Fully Routed Network Router Hub PCs Server

  17. Standard Switched Network • Switches spearheaded the next evolution of network structure • Providing dedicated bandwidth where needed, they greatly increased performance • Traditional switches segment only unicast, or node-to-node, traffic • They do not limit broadcast traffic (packets or multicast traffic

  18. Standard Switched Network Corporate Router Server WAN Switch Switch Hub Hub Hub Hub PCs PCs PCs PCs

  19. VLAN Solution • VLANs offer an effective solution to swamped routers and broadcast storms • limiting the distribution of broadcast, multicast and unicast traffic, they can help free up bandwidth • Simple management from a management console rather than the wiring closet. • Enhanced network security

  20. VLAN Solution Hub Marketing Sales Engineering PCs Corporate Router Switch Server WAN

  21. Types of VLANS • Port-based VLAN • The administrator assigns each port of a switch to a VLAN • The switch determines the VLAN membership of each packet by noting the port on which it arrives • Reassignment is necessary when a user moves to a different location • Repeater connection means that all users are automatically assigned to the same VLAN

  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Types of VLANS Marketing Engineering Sales Port-based VLAN Switch

  23. Types of VLANS • MAC address-based VLAN • LAN membership of a packet is determined by ist source or destination MAC address • Each switch maintains a table of MAC addresses and their corresponding VLAN memberships • A single MAC address cannot easily be a member of multiple VLANs

  24. Types of VLANS • Layer 3 (or protocol)-based VLANs • The VLAN membership of a packet is based on protocols (IP, IPX, Netbios, etc.) and Layer 3 addresses • An IP subnet or an IPX network can each be assigned their own VLAN • Protocol-based membership allows the administrator to assign non-routable protocols, such as Netbios or DECNET

  25. Types of VLANS Distinction between VLAN implementations is the method used to indicate membership • Implicit: VLAN membership is indicated by the MAC address. In this case,all switches that support a particular VLAN must share a table of member MAC addresses. • Explicit: A tag is added to the packet to indicate VLAN membership. Cisco ISL and the IEEE 802.1q VLAN specifications both use this method.

  26. VLAN Standard 802.1q • IEEE 802.1q specification is going to support port-based membership and explicit tagging • IEEE 802.1p, defines the use of priority bits, which are part of the explicit VLAN tag as defined in 802.1q

  27. VLAN Terms • VLAN ID: unique number (between 1 and 4094) that identifies a particular VLAN • VLAN Name: 32-character alphanumeric name associated with a VLAN ID • Filtering Database: Database structure within the switch that keeps track of the associations between MAC addresses, VLANs, and interface (port) numbers

  28. VLAN Terms • Filtering Database ID (FID): Addressing information that the device learns about a VLAN is stored in the filtering database assigned to that VLAN • Tag Header (VLAN Tag): Four bytes of data inserted in a frame that identifies the VLAN/frame classification • Port VLAN ID (PVID): Identifies the VLAN into which untagged frames are classified according to a specific port

  29. VLAN Terms • 1Q Trunk: connection between 802.1Q switches that passes only traffic with VLAN Tag Header inserted in the frame. 1Q Trunk drops all incoming frames that do not have a VLAN tag • 1D Trunk: connection from a switch that passes only untagged traffic

  30. WAN Technologies • What is a wide area network? • Interconnected LANs may be in the same geographic area or may be separated from one another by great distances. When the LANs are geographically disperse, they are connected into a wide area network (WAN)

  31. WAN Technologies • Two types of WAN: • Point-to-point WAN • ISDN • Cloud WAN • ATM • Frame Relay

  32. Point-to-point WAN Slough Islandia • Dedicated Connections • Fixed Speed • Administration overhead • Privately or PTT operated Darmstadt Paris

  33. Cloud WAN Slough Islandia • Transparent Connections • Easy administration • Flexible Speed • Often PTT operated Cloud WAN Darmstadt Paris

  34. Frame Relay • Initial proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) in 1984 • Major development in Frame Relay’s history in 1990 by Cisco Systems, StrataCom,Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation

  35. Frame Relay • Cloud WAN • Inital standard 1988 (I.122) • Speeds between 56Kbps to 2Mbps and higher

  36. Frame Relay Terms • Frame Relay provides a packet-switching data communications capability • Two types of devices • User devices are data terminal equipment (DTE) • Network equipment that interfaces to DTE is a data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) • Communication over Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC)

  37. Frame Relay Terms DTE DTE Frame Relay Network DCE DCE Switching Node Permanent Virtual Circuit

  38. Frame Relay Terms • The DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) identifies the logical connection that is multiplexed into the physical channel • DLCIs have local significance; the end devices at two different ends of a connection may use a different DLCI to refer to that same connection

  39. Frame Relay Terms Slough Islandia DLCI=12 DLCI=82 WAN DLCI=12 DLCI=64 Darmstadt Paris Switching Node Permanent Virtual Circuit

  40. Frame Relay Terms Frame Relay Network Data Link Connection (Logical) Channel (Physical) Router

  41. Frame Relay Terms • Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) bit is set by the Frame Relay network in a frame to tell the DTE receiving that frame that congestion was experienced in the path from source to destination • Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) bit is set by the Frame Relay network in frames traveling in the opposite direction from frames encountering a congested path.

  42. Frame Relay Terms • Frame Relay extensions are referred to collectively as the local management interface (LMI) • connection identifiers global rather than local significance • Virtual circuit status messages reporting the existence of new PVCs and the deletion of already existing PVCs

  43. Hybrid Frame Relay Router Multiplexer Frame Relay Network PBX Multiplexer Router Video/Teleconference

  44. Frame Relay Management • RFC 1315: MIB for Frame Relay DTEs

  45. ATM • Asynchronous Transfer Mode /ATM) can transmit voice, video, data, and graphics across LANs, metropolitan area networks (MANs), and WANs • ATM is an international standard defined by ANSI and ITU-TSS (formerly CCITT) and the ATM Forum (jointly founded in 1991 by Cisco Systems,NET/ADAPTIVE, Northern Telecom, and Sprint)

  46. ATM • Connection oriented • dedicated links existing between network devices • Cell-switching • segment data at high speeds into units called cells of 52 octets length • Multiplexing technology • single network for all traffic types, including voice, data, graphics, and video

  47. ATM ATM Switch ATM Network ATM Switch ATM Switch ATM Uplink LAN Switch

  48. ATM Terms • ATM stations connecting to the ATM network, arrange a contract with the network based on Quality of Service (QoS) of the User-to-Network Interface (UNI) specifications • ATM will be available at 155 Mbps through an interface to Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) • SONET will eventually allow ATM to be deployed at rates of 622 Mbps, 1.2 Gbps, and 2.4 Gbps

  49. ATM Terms • ATM Adaptation Layer 1(AAL/1) supports connection-orientated services for traffic that is constant which require timing synchronization and constant bit rate service like video signals • ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4 (AAL/3,AAL/4) is designed for both connectionless and connection-oriented variable bit rate services

  50. ATM Terms

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