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September 5, 2012

September 5, 2012. Take Quiz on Elements of Music Present Projects Begin the Middle Ages if there’s time. September 7, 2012. Hand back tests 10-15 minutes to correct the test Middle Ages. Timeline Entries. The Middle Ages. 450-1450 Or 400-1400 Or 500-1400.

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September 5, 2012

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  1. September 5, 2012 Take Quiz on Elements of Music Present Projects Begin the Middle Ages if there’s time

  2. September 7, 2012 Hand back tests 10-15 minutes to correct the test Middle Ages

  3. Timeline Entries

  4. The Middle Ages 450-1450 Or 400-1400 Or 500-1400

  5. What do you know about it?

  6. Life in the Middle Ages • Reading in groups: Country Life

  7. How Do We Know About this Music? • Iconography • Descriptions in literature & aural traditions • Surviving Instruments • Ethnomusicology • Surviving Lyrics • Theorists • Aristoxenus • Surviving notated music • Siekolas Song

  8. Middle Ages • 500-1400 A.D. • Starts at end of Roman Emperor • Sometimes called the Dark Ages • Patronage system began • Black Death occurred • Two styles of music • Sacred • Secular

  9. Music of the Middle Ages • Most important musicians were priests or people who worked for the church. • Music education for the boys for schools associated to churches • NO SINGING FOR WOMEN! • Some nuns learned to sing (Hildegard of Bingen) • Because of the huge amount of music in the church, only sacred music was notated for centuries! • Vocal music dominated because churches thought that instruments played a large role in prior pagan rites • Monks had to sing with pronunciation, concentration and tone quality

  10. Gregorian Chant • Melody set to Latin (religious) text • Monophonic • 3 Types of Gregorian Chant • Syllabic • Neumatic • Mellismatic • Meant to enhance religious ceremonies • No exact rhythm (notation of time did not exist yet!) • Tend to be a narrow range of pitches • Why do they call it Gregorian chant?

  11. Pope Gregory I

  12. Take a closer look at chant • Passed on by oral tradition • Intonation • Reciting Tone (Meditation) • Termination • e u o u a e – The vowels used as an abbreviation for “saeculorum, amen,” the last words of the doxology • Modes • Neumes • Breaths

  13. September 11, 2012 Middle Ages

  14. Extra Credit • What are the dates of the Middle Ages?

  15. Listening Example • “Alleluia: VidimusStellam • Solo opening phrase – cantor • Choir opening phrase • Melismatic on ia • Choir: Vidimusstellamejus in Oriente et venimus cum muneribusadorareDominum • Translation • Hallelujah • Hallelujah • We have seen his star in the east and are coming with gifts to worship the Lord

  16. Proper Chants of the MassEach chant has special words for the type of mass • Introit • Gradual • Alleuia • Tract • Sequence • Offertory • Communion

  17. Ordinary Chants of the MassFixed text that is sung at each mass • KyrieKyrie Eleison (3x)ChristeEleison (3X)Kyrie Eleison (3X) • Gloria • Credo • Sanctus • Benedictus • Agnus Dei • All chants are found in the LiberUsualis

  18. Hildgard von Bingen (1098-1179) • Father was a knight • Given to the church by parents • Became a nun • Wrote poetry, music & philosophy • Known for having visions • Believed it was okay to have instruments in church

  19. Hildegard continued • Founded the Miracle Play • Enactments of scenes from the Bible • Took place outside the church • Used heterophony • More than one sound

  20. Listening Example • O Successores • Osuccessoresfortissimileonis inter templum et altare – dominantes in ministrationeeius – sicutangeli sonant in laudibus, et sicutadsuntpopulis in adiutorio, vosestis inter ilos, qui haecfaciunt, sempercuramhabentes in officio agni • Translation • You successors of the mightiest lion between the temple and the altar – you the masters in his household – as the angels sound forth praises and are here to help the nations, you are among those who accomplish this, forever showing your care in the service of the lamb.

  21. Hildegard’s Music • Used sacred text • Influenced by secular styles • Drone • Usually performed outside of the church

  22. Key Points of Secular Music • Not religious music • Song about love or chivalry or nature-sung in their own language • Medieval minstrels: goliards, jongleurs • Minstrels were like slaves • Courtly musicians: troubadours (S. France), trouveres (N. France), minnesingers (Germany) • Instrumental dance music was also very popular • Began in notation in the 12th and 13th centuries • Knights were musical poets! • Estampie (dance) • Instruments included rebec, pipe, psaltery

  23. Instruments of the Middle Ages • Medievel Bagpipes • Became modern day bagpipes • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/bagpipe.htm

  24. Bladder pipe • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/bladpipe.htm

  25. Harp • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/harp.htm

  26. Gemshorn • Became modern day flute • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/gemshorn.htm

  27. Hurdy-Gurdy • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/hurdy.htm

  28. Pipe and Tabor • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/pipetabr.htm

  29. Organetto • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/organeto.htm

  30. Psaltery • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/psaltery.htm

  31. Rebec • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/rebec.htm

  32. Shawm • Became the modern oboe • http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/renshawm.htm

  33. Organum • Polyphony– The single most important development of music history • The intentional combination of separate musical lines • Heterophony – everyone plays melody but improvises around it at different times • Drones • Intentional polyphony • Began 850-1150

  34. Development of Polyphony • Gregorian Chant • Doubling of chant at a parallet 4th or 5th • Guido d’Areggo – developed the staff with 4 lines and 4 spaces • Free organum • Melismaticorganum • Mass of Notre Dame

  35. Listening Example Organum • Perotin Alleluia: Nativitas • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJxRDhejtwo

  36. September 13, 2012 Middle Ages 500-1400 AD

  37. Extra Credit Question • What was the single most important development in Western European music?

  38. Review from Wednesday • What is the definition of: • Sacred Music • Secular Music • Dates of Hildegard von Bingen • Organum • Development of the Organum • Cantus Firmus • A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony

  39. Timeline Entries

  40. Philippe de Vitry • 1290-1361 • Priest, poet and musician • Developed a complex way of writing down music to accommodate the more complicated rhythms and music

  41. De Vitry Cont. • 1325 wrote a book called Ars Nova • New style • Challenged by Jacobus of Luttich • Music should be left alone • ArsAntiqua • Music of de Vitry • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtoYzKX-e2A

  42. 14th Century • Age of disintegration • Hundred Year’s War • Catastrophic Plague (black death) • Weakening of the feudal system and Catholic church • Secular music became much more important than sacred music • Beats were subdivided into sets of 2 as well as three • Syncopation were very profound – became the “new art”

  43. Francesco Landini • ?-1397 • Famous organist • Poet, scholar and inventor of string instruments • Secular music for 2 or 3 voices • Love and nature • Morality and politics

  44. Francesco Landini • Most celebrated Italian composer of the 14th century • Wrote Italian songs for 2 or 3 voices • Eco la primavera (Spring has come) • Ballata – Italian poetic and musical form that originated as a dance-song

  45. Listening Example • Ecco la primavera • Ecc la primavera, Che ‘ corfarallegrare; Temp’ed’annamorare E star con lietacera • No vegiaml’aria e ‘l tempo Chepurchiam’ allegrecca • Translation • Spring has come. It makes the heart joyful; now is the time to fall in love and be happy. • We see the air and the fine weather which also call us to be happy.

  46. In questovago tempo Ognicosa a vaghecca. • L’erbe con granfreschecca E fior’ copronoiprati, E glialboriadornatiSono in similmanera. • Ecco la primavera Che ‘lcorfarallegrare, Temp’ed’annamorare E star con lietacera. • In this sweet time, everything is beautiful. • Flowers and fresh green grass cover the meadows, and the trees too are in blossom. • Spring has come. It makes the heart joyful; now is the time to fall in love and be happy.

  47. Guillaume de Machaut • 1300-1377 • Spent much time as a court official for various royal families • Great composer, singer & performer • Wrote the first polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary

  48. Mass of Notre Dame • Mass ordinary consists of texts that remain the same from day to day throughout most of the church year. • Written for four voices • Listening example • Agnus Dei • A prayer for mercy and peace • Triple meter • 3 parts

  49. Mass of Notre Dame • Agnus Dei, qui tollispeccata mundi: misererenobis • Agnus Dei, qui tollispeccata mundi: misererenobis • Agnus Dei, qui tollispeccata mundi: misererenobis • Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us • Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us • Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us

  50. Quick Overview • Mutant Chant forms • Tropes • Sequence • Bridge between Secular and Sacred Music • Miracle Plays • Ballata • An Italian poetic and musical form that originated as a dance-song

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