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Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine

Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine. Canine Viral Diseases Dr. Randy Ackman. Canine Distemper. Etiologic agent Morbillivirus Affects various species of Carnivora Canids, ferrets, raccoons, mustelids Transmission Shed in body secretions Primarily aerosol Labile in environment .

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Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine

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  1. Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine Canine Viral Diseases Dr. Randy Ackman

  2. Canine Distemper • Etiologic agent • Morbillivirus • Affects various species of Carnivora • Canids, ferrets, raccoons, mustelids • Transmission • Shed in body secretions • Primarily aerosol • Labile in environment http://cheval.vet.gla.ac.uk/vetscape/vet-x/lions/

  3. Canine Distemper • Pathophysiology • Highly contagious • Infection of tonsils and bronchial lymph nodes • Systemic lymphoid tissue • Suppresses B and T cells • Viremia • Disseminates in epithelium and CNS • Outcomes • Complete recovery • Death • Encephalomyelitis http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/CDV-path.JPG

  4. Canine Distemper • Clinical Signs • 0-100 % mortality rate • Fever initially (103°-105°) • Diphasic • Nasal and ocular discharge • GI • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Respiratory • Pneumonia • Cough • Dyspena http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_canine_distemper.html

  5. Canine Distemper • Clinical signs continued • Hyperkeratosis • Hard pad disease • CNS • Encephalomyelitis • Acute • Destroys gray matter • Chronic • Non-supporative • Demyelination • White matter • Myoclonus – gray matter • Seizures –gray matter http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1556&articleid=419 http://www.neurovet.org/VIDEOS/Myoclonus.htm

  6. Canine Distemper • Neuro-distemper • Development of CNS white matter signs • Paresis • Ataxia • Old dog encephalitis • Development of CNS grey matter signs • Seizure • Myoclonus

  7. Canine Distemper Enamel hypoplasia Optic neuritis http://www.veterinaryvision.com/dvm_forum/dvm-emergency.htm http://www.dentalvet.com/Encyclopedia/P00352_SC01101.htm

  8. Canine Distemper • Diagnosis • Hematology • Lymphopenia • Early leukopenia • Later neutrophilic leukicytosis • Serum • Ab does not differentiate from vaccine • IgM rises with Vx and infection • Inclusion bodies • Epithelial • Blood cells • Conjunctiva • Vaginal • Bladder http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/stud2004/distemper/diagnosis.html

  9. Canine Distemper • Diagnosis • IFA • Detects viral antigen • PCR • CSF analysis • CDV antigen • Increased protein • CDV Ab is diagnostic • ELISA • Radiographs • Post mortem • Pneumonia • Histopath IFA • Lung, lymph nodes, stomach, bladder http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Display&imgID=2696

  10. Treatment Systemic antibiotics Broad spectrum Antiemetics Bronchodilators Anticonvulsants Phenobarbital Supportive Fluids Guarded prognosis High mortality rate Prevention Passive immunity from bitch Maternal Ab interference MLV CDV Almost 100% protective Rarely a fatal post vaccine encephalitis occurs Canine Distemper

  11. Canine Parvovirus • Etiologic agent • Canine Parvovirus • CPV-1,CPV-2, CPV-2a, b • Transmission • Fecal oral route • Hardy virus • Over winter • During illness • 1+ billion/g feces • Environmental contamination very important http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_schering-plough_parvo_vaccine_.html

  12. Canine Parvovirus • Pathophysiology • Virus proliferates in tonsils and lymph nodes • Viremia • 3-5 days post infection • Proceeds clinical signs • Shedding prior to clinical signs • Incubation period 7-14 days • Fecal shedding not longer than 10 days http://www.sadsac.org/parvo.htm

  13. Canine Parvovirus • Pathophysiology (cont) • Affects mitotically active crypt cells of • Distal duodenum • Jejunum • Leukopenia, neutropneia • Increased tissue demand • Circulation to margination • Depletion of bone marrow • GALT and Peyers patches depleted • Myocardial CPV • Utero or neonatal infection

  14. Canine Parvovirus http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&C=&A=581&SourceID=

  15. Canine Parvovirus http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/slides/Digestive%20tract/16-Jejunum.jpg http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/parvo/czar2.html

  16. Canine Parvovirus • Clinical Signs • Anorexia • Depression • Fever • Vomiting • Hemorrhagic diarrhea • Profuse • Rapid dehydration • Small bowel diarrhea http://people.freenet.de/sindern/parvo.gif

  17. Canine Parvovirus • Progression of disease • Endotoxemia • Sepsis • Hypovolemic shock • Hypoglycemia • Two reasons? • DIC • Disseminated intravscular coagulation http://www.sheprescue.org/tails%20of%20joy%202.htm

  18. Canine Parvovirus • Diagnosis • Hematology • Neutropenia • Leukocytosis in recovery • Chemistry • Hypoglycemia • Elevated liver enzymes • Azotemia • Pre-renal • ELISA • Snap test –IDEXX • CITE http://www.idexx.nl/diergezondheid/icproducten/index.jsp

  19. Canine Parvovirus • Therapy • Fluids • Correct electrolyte imbalance • Rehydrate • LRS + K+ • Fluids • Did I mention fluids? • NPO • Broad spectrum antibiotics • Antiemtics • Antidiarrheal • Analgesics • Isolation http://www.petharbor.org/images/hospital.jpg

  20. Canine Parvovirus • Prevention • Bleach • 1:32 • Vaccination • Maternal antibody interference • Ab can persist for up to 18 weeks • Window of opportunity • MLV –better protection • Early vaccination if colostrum deprived • Susceptible breeds • Rottweilers, Doberman, Labs http://images.art.com/images/PRODUCTS/Regular/10001000/10001801.jpg

  21. Parvo Links • http://vetpath4.afip.org/proto/show_page.php?id=12 • http://vetpath4.afip.org/proto/show_page.php?id=11

  22. Canine Coronavirus • Etiologic Agent • Canine corona virus (CCV) • Only affects canids • Epitheliotropic virus • Transmission • Fecal oral route • Animals may be subclinical for months • Easily spread • May be asyomptomatic http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/stud2005/vaccines3/coronavirus.html

  23. Canine Coronavirus • Pathophysiology • Virus invades epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the villi • Compare to the damage of parvovirus? http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E128.jpg

  24. Canine Coronavirus • Clinical signs • Anorexia • Depression • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Soft to watery • Occasional blood • Other dogs showing signs • Usually afebrile • Not as multisystem http://petservice.com/libraries/pictures/coron_pict.html

  25. Canine Coronavirus • Diagnosis • Usually by clinical signs • Virus isolation • Electron microscopy • Fluorescent antibody test • Not practically clinically http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/stud2005/vaccines3/coronavirus.html

  26. Canine Coronavirus • Therapy • Treat like other acute enteritis • Fluid therapy prn • Dietary restriction • NPO • i/d • Eukanuba Low Residue • Protectants • Bismuth http://mantenoanimalhospital.com/EukLowResi.jpg

  27. Canine Infectious Hepatitis • Etiologic agent • CAV-1 • Canine adenovirus 1 • Serologically homogenous, but antigenically different from CAV-2 • CAV-2 • Involved with kennel cough • Wild and domestic canids http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/stud2005/vaccines3/hepatitis.html

  28. Canine Infectious Hepatitis • Transmission • Oro-nasal exposure • Found in secretions • Very resistant to inactivation and disinfection • Pathophysiology • Oro-nasal exposure • Viremia • Spreads to all tissue • Especially • Hepatocytes • Endothelium • Corneal edema • Anterior uveitis • Blue eye http://duke.usask.ca/~misra/virology/stud2005/vaccines3/hepatitis.html

  29. Clinical signs Peracute infection Moribund in matter of hours Death Acute Fever 103-106 Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Petechiae Epistaxis Melena Clinical signs Ocular infection Corneal edema Anterior uveitis Chronic Active Hepatitis Persistent hepatic infection Canine Infectious Hepatitis

  30. Canine Infectious Hepatitis • Therapy • Supportive • Fluids • + glucose • Maintain health until hepatocellular regeneration • Antibiotics • Prn • Antiemetics • Prevention • MLV vaccination • Excellent protection

  31. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis • Kennel cough complex (KCC) • Several virus involved and bacteria (Bordetella bronchiseptica) • CAV-2 • Canine adenoviruses (CAV-1 and CAV-2) • Cross protection with vaccination • Proliferative, necrotizing bronchitis • CPI • Canine parainfluenza virus • Others • Canine herpes virus • Canine reoviruses • Mycoplasms

  32. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis • Pathophysiology • Viral damage to respiratory epithelium • Colonization of bacteria (can also be mycotic, mycoplasma) • Usually • Bordetella bronchiseptica • Tracheitis • Occasionally pneumonia • Incubation • 3-10 days http://www.felinebb.info/disease/microbiology/figure1.asp

  33. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis • Clinical signs • Dry non productive cough • Gagging • +/- fever • No other signs • Self limiting • Severe • pneumonia http://www.darwinvets.plus.com/dogs/kennelCough.htm

  34. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis • Diagnosis • History of exposure to other dogs • Clinical signs • Cough • Tracheal palpation • Dry non productive • Gagging • Nasal swabs for culture http://www.thepetcenter.com/gen/kenc.html

  35. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis • Treatment • Antibiotic • Systemic • Clavamox • Nebulazation • Gentamycin • Antitussive • Temaril –P • Dextramethorphan • Butorphanol http://www.77canadapharmacy.com/images/product/T/temaril-p.jpg

  36. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis • Prevention • Air flow • 15-20 air changes per hour • CAV-1 or CAV-2 vaccination • Parainfluenza vaccination • Parenteral • Injectable • Bordetella bronchiseptica • Intranasal – IgA • Injectable - IgG http://www.scheringploughanimalhealth.ca/images/animal/featured_products/intratrac/intratrac.jpg

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