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Network Guide to Networks, 5th Edition. 2. Objectives. Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, and address translationExplain the differences between public and private TCP/IP networksDescribe protocols used between mail clients and mail servers, incl
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1. Network+ Guide to Networks5th Edition Chapter 10
In-Depth TCP/IP Networking
2. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 2 Objectives Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, and address translation
Explain the differences between public and private TCP/IP networks
Describe protocols used between mail clients and mail servers, including SMTP, POP3, and IMAP4
Employ multiple TCP/IP utilities for network discovery and troubleshooting
3. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 3 TCP/IP-Based Networks TCP/IP protocol suite use
Public Internet connectivity
Private connection data transmission
TCP/IP fundamentals
IP: routable protocol
Interfaces requires unique IP address
Node may use multiple IP addresses
Two IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4: older; more common
4. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 4 TCP/IP-Based Networks (cont’d.) IPv4 addresses
Four 8-bit octets (dotted decimal represents 32 bits)
Network hostname/address assignments
Dynamic (DHCP)
Static (manually assigned)
Network classes: A, B, C
Subnetting
5. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 5 Classful Addressing in IPv4 Simplest IPv4 addressing type
Developed in the 1960s
Adheres to network class distinctions
Recognizes Class A, B, C addresses
6. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 6 Reserved Addresses Cannot be assigned to host devices(PCs, servers, printers, etc.)
Network Address – all host bits set to 0
Broadcast address – all host bits set to 1
7. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 7 Subnetting Developed in the 1980s
Separates network into multiple logically defined segments (subnets)
Subnets are separated by routers
Reasons to subnet:
Enhance security
Improve performance
Simplify troubleshooting
8. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 8 IPv4 Subnet Masks 32-bit, dotted-decimal notation
Identifies how IP Address was divided (aka by Jeff as the “bit split”)
Indicates where network information located
Subnet mask bits
1: network bit
0: host bit
9. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 9 IPv4 Subnet Masks (cont’d.) Network class
Associated with default subnet mask
10. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 10 IPv4 Subnetting Divides classful (A, B, C) networks into several smaller “subnets” by changing the “bit-split.”
How many subnets will result?
SN = 2snb
snb: number of host-bits “borrowed”
SN: number of resulting subnets
How many hosts/subnet will result?
H = 2hb - 2
hb: number of host-bits remaining
H: number of resulting hosts/subnet
11. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 11 Address Translation Reasons for using address translation
Scalability: overcome IPv4 address quantity limitations
Security: “Hide” your network from the Internet
NAT (Network Address Translation)
Gateway replaces client’s private IP address with Internet-recognized IP address
12. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 12 Address Translation (cont’d.) DNAT (Dynamic Network Address Translation)
Also called IP masquerading
Internet-valid IP address might be assigned to any client’s outgoing transmission
SNAT (Static Network Address Translation)
Client associated with one private IP address, one public IP address
Never changes
Useful when operating mail server
13. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 13 Address Translation (cont’d.) PAT (Port Address Translation)
Each client session with server on Internet assigned separate TCP port number
Client server request datagram contains port number
Internet server responds with datagram’s destination address including same port number
14. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 14 Address Translation (cont’d.)
15. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 15 E-Mail Protocols SMTP -- responsible for sending e-mail from one mail server to another over TCP/IP-based networks
Uses TCP port 25
Drawback: 1000 ASCII character limit
POP3 -- retrieves e-mail from server
Uses TCP port 110
IMAP4 -- good for mobile users
Uses TCP port 143
Other protocols can be used too
16. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 16 Additional TCP/IP Utilities TCP/IP transmission process has many points of failure, which increase with network size, distance
Utilities will:
Help track down most TCP/IP-related problems
Help discover information about node, network
On Windows PCs, most TCP/IP utilities are “DOS” commands
17. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 17 Additional TCP/IP Utilities (cont’d.) ipconfig -- displays NIC’s IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, etc.
netstat -- displays TCP/IP statistics, component details, host connections
Nbtstat -- displays NetBIOS statistics, resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses, but has limited use as TCP/IP diagnostic utility
18. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (cont’d.) Ping – basic connectivity test
Pathping – simple replies received from all routers between host and destination nodes
Tracert -- detailed replies received from all routers between host and destination nodes
19. Network+ Guide to Networks, 5th Edition 19 Additional TCP/IP Utilities (cont’d.) hostname -- displays PC’s host name
nslookup -- queries DNS database and displays host name for a given IP address
whois -- queries DNS registration database and displays organization/domain information