Intelligence

1. Intelligence What makes us smart? Or not so smart?

2. Intelligence • Intelligence – a mental ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. • Culturally constructed - defined according to the attributes that enable success in a culture • Example: According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

3. Intelligence Tests • Intelligence Test – a method of assessing mental aptitudes and comparing them with others • Reification – converting something abstract into a material thing • Example:

4. Theories of Intelligence • 5Theories: • g-intelligence (Spearman) • Thurstone’s primary mental abilities • Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence • Sternberg’s Three Intelligences • Goldman’s Emotional Intelligence

5. G factor (Spearman) • General Intelligence (G)- a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks. • measured with a single numerical score • Example – • Factor analysis – statistical procedure used to identify clusters of closely related test items. • Used to assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities (G intelligence uses factor analysis)

6. L.L. Thurstone • Thurstone challenged Spearman - identified 7 clusters of mental ability • Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability inductive reasoning and memory • Later found

7. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences • Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences. • Linguistic • Logical-mathematical • Spatial • Musical • Body-kinesthetic • Intrapersonal • Interpersonal • Naturalist • Example

8. Triarchic Theory (Sternberg) • Most commonly accepted theory today. • Threetypes of intelligence • Analytical • Example: 2. Creative • Example: 3. Practical • Example:

9. EQ – Emotional Quotient (Goldman) • Emotional Intelligence – ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions • Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.

10. EQ – Emotional Quotient • Social Intelligence – the ability to comprehend social situations and managing yourself successfully • Emotional Intelligence – ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions • 4 components • Criticism -

11. Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link? • Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size). • MRI found correlation with brain size and IQ score - • Einstein’s Brian

12. Brain Size and Complexity • Higher performing brains: • Intelligent children –

13. BBrain Function • Perceptual Speed • Neurological speed

14. Assessing Intelligence • Frances Galton – intellectual superiority was inherited • Meaured muscular power, sensory acuity, and body proportions • Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon • mental age- what a person of a particular age should know. • Predict future performance through determination of mental age

15. Stanford-Binet (Terman) • Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test. • IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100. • A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ? • A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ? • A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

16. Problems with the IQ Formula • It does not really work well on adults, why? If a 60 year old woman does as well as an average 29 year old then her IQ would be _______? Ok, ok…an average 35 year old? Then her IQ would be_________? Still makes no sense!!!!!

17. The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores IQs less than 70 = mental retardation. More than 130 = gifted

18. Wechsler Tests • More common • Does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system. • WAIS • WISC • WPPSI

19. Aptitude A test designed to predict a person’s future performance. Ability for a person to learn a new skill. Example: Achievement A test designed to assess what a person has learned (knowledge and skills) Example Aptitude v. Achievement Tests

20. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)consists of 11 verbal and performance subtests • Assesses • verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score • Uses factor analysis • WISC – • Performance tests - Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design, digit span, vocabulary

21. Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale

22. Constructing Intelligence Tests • Standardized - a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group. • Example: • Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods. • Validity: Content, Predictive or Construct.

23. Normal Bell Curve • Standardized tests form a normal distribution or bell curve • Few people deviate extremely from the ave. • more than 2 standard deviations from the mean • Examples:

24. The Flynn Effect • Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations • Environmental factors NOT genetics • Reduction in malnutrition • Access to schooling • Technological advances • To avoid:

25. Reliability • Reliability - The extent which a test yields consistent results over time. • Spilt halves • test–retest method –

26. Validity Validity - the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. • Content Validity: does the test sample the behavior of interest • Examples: • Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior. • Examples:

27. Intelligence Change Over Time • Infant intelligence • By age 4 – • By age 7 – • predictive validity of general aptitude tests • Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

28. Fluid intelligence

29. Crystallized intelligence

30. Extremes of Intelligence • Akrit Jaswal

31. The Low Extreme • Intellectual disability – both a low test score and difficulty adapting to independent living • Mental retardation • Down syndrome • Mainstreamed

32. Classifications of Intellectual Disability

33. Classifications of Intellectual Disability

34. Classifications of Intellectual Disability

35. Classifications of Intellectual Disability

36. Classifications of Intellectual Disability

37. The High Extreme • Terman’s study of gifted • Self-fulfilling prophecy • Appropriate developmental placement • Tracking students

38. Twin and Adoption Studies • Genes and Environmental influences • Identical twin studies • Polygenetic Trait- • Adoptive children studies

39. Heritability • Heritability – variation in intelligence scores attributed to genetic factors (50%) • Example:

40. Heritability

41. Environmental Influences • Early environmental influences • Intellectual developmental delays • Tutored human enrichment • Mozart effect – now discounted finding that intelligence is boosted by listening to classical music • Schooling and intelligence • Project Head Start

42. Ian and Nolan are identical twins who were adopted into different families shortly after birth. Use what you know about the stability of intelligence over time and the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to predict how similar Ian and Nolan's IQ scores will be at age 5 and age at 25.

43. Gender Differences in Intelligence Test Scores • Girls • Boys

44. Ethnic Differences in Intelligence Test Scores • Similarities • Infant intelligence • Differences • Ave. intelligence scores • Math abilities • Asians

45. The Question of Bias • Two meanings of bias • Popular sense – • Yes - • Scientific sense – • No - • Test-taker’s expectations • Stereotype threat - Perform worse if feel apprehensive because of stereotypes • Example: