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Intelligence & Intelligence Testing

Intelligence & Intelligence Testing.

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Intelligence & Intelligence Testing

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  1. Intelligence & Intelligence Testing

  2. Psychometrics is a very sophisticated field which uses applied mathematics to measure psychological and behavioral attributes and make predictions. Psychometricians construct, standardize, validate tests. Many people who criticize tests do not understand test theory or the mathematics behind test construction.

  3. Types of Reliability

  4. Types of Validity

  5. The Psychometric Approach • How do you define “Intelligence”? • Theorists use narrow, operational definitions • Psychometricians do not claim that what is measured by an intelligence test is a good representation of “real-world” intelligence which is a broader concept • Is it useful?

  6. Wechsler’s definition • Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.

  7. Theories of Intelligence • Spearman – g factor & s factor • Cattell – crystallized and fluid intelligence • Gardner – 8 separate “intelligences” • Sternberg – triarchic theory of intelligence • Contextual • Experiential • Componential

  8. Does “g” exist? • One of the longest-running debates in psychology: • global intelligence, a general ability • specific abilities …..More a matter of emphasis “Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure” Edward Boring

  9. Invention of IQ Tests Sir Francis Galton – published Hereditary Genius in 1869 – believed that “eminence” ran in families (genetic). - interested in studying “eminence” (and presumably intelligence – established a number of anthropometric laboratories. - measured eyesight, reaction time - related to his cousin Charles Darwin’s idea of “species’ fitness”

  10. Invention of IQ Tests • Alfred Binet: 1904 Mental Age Theodore Simon • Lewis Terman: 1916 Stanford IQ Divided child’s mental age by the child’s chronological age to yield an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (idea originally from William Stern, a German psychologist) All average children, regardless of age, would have an IQ of 100

  11. Binet Test comes to America • Lewis Terman revised Binet’s test • Devised norms for American kids • Stanford- Binet Intelligence Scale: 1916 • Been updated many times • David Wechsler: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (WISC) ---Probably the best IQ test for adults ---Different subscales (Verbal vs.. Performance) “He had a WAIS IQ of …..”

  12. Intelligence Measured • Most popular and most frequently administered are the Wechsler Scales • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III) • WAIS-R as a Neuropsychological Instrument (WAIS-RNI) • Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children (WISC-IV) • Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale-Revised (WPPSI-R) • Stanford-Binet V • Kaufman Assessment Battery • Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery III

  13. Verbal subtests Information Similarities Arithmetic Vocabulary Comprehension Digit span Letter-number sequencing Performance subtests Picture arrangement Picture completion Block design Object assembly Matrix reasoning Digit symbol Symbol search Wechsler system

  14. Wechsler System • Mean score of 100; SD of 10 (15 in WISC and WPPSI) • 90-110 average range • < 70 is in mentally deficient range • > 130 is in the very superior range • Individual tests have a mean score of 10; SD of 3 • All form the basis for subtle observations about relative strengths and limitations • Observe patterns of scores • Interpreted in the context of other test results and variety of biopsychosocial factors

  15. Correlations in IQHenderson, 1982 Relationship r # of pairs • Individual with self: .87 456 • MZ twins .86 1417 • MZ apart .75 • DZ twins .62 1329 • Siblings .41 5350 • Sibs apart .21 203

  16. IQ tests cont. • Today’s tests based on norms rather than MA • Average is still set at 100 • SD usually 15 • 2/3 score between 85 and 115

  17. New uses in America • Binet thought the tests could be useful for identifying children with learning problems--not to rank normal children • In America, the original purpose was lost • The tests came to be used to categorize people in school and in the armed services according to their “natural ability”. • Army alpha • Army beta (no English required)

  18. Intelligence testing Arguments for • reliable measure of individual differences – important for identifying need, allocating resources • reliable predictor of school achievement • identify discrepancies between expected and actual performance • allow for accountability, measurement of change and evaluation of program effectiveness

  19. IQ tests Arguments against • measure samples of behavior , i.e. are not exhaustive • not theory driven – less true now • potential for cultural, SES bias • IQs change, reflecting both measurement error + actual performance differences • different tests yield different IQs • not a magical manifestation of a child’s innate potential

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