The 1970’s

1. The 1970’s Ryan Bittner, Lauren Kelly, and Kelsey Paxton

2. SNL Video: • http://www.joblo.com/video/player.php?video=goodnightsaigon Will Ferrel’s version of the song “Saigon actually referred to the Vietnam War…

3. Targets: Explain why the American people became increasingly divided over the war in Vietnam Explain the results of the Vietnam War and evaluate its long-term significance

4. Divided Over Vietnam • Maxwell Taylor "first, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean War, but this was a different country. Secondly, we didn't know our South Vietnamese allies... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who has Ho Chi Minh? Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we'd better keep out of this dirty business. It's very dangerous." • What is the drive behind the war? The government needs to provide answers

5. Results of the Vietnam War 1973- US forces pulled out and the American prisoners were freed. Two years later, the North prevailed and Vietnam came back together as one. US toll: 58,000 dead; 350,000 casualties. Vietnam toll: 1-2 million deaths. Longest war in US history. “Saigon” was really first played by Billy Joel, a famous singer from the 1970’s. Other famous singers that appeared in the 1970’s were Bob Marley and The Beatles band…

6. Music • Beatles • John Lennon (revolution) Bob Marley • (uprising) – Rastafari More popular trends that were born in the 70’s were the Disco, mood rings, lava lamps, Ho-Ho’s, and pet rocks…

7. Disco • Fashion difference between night and day. • Night ( cat-suits, medallions, tight colorful shirts, platform-shoes.) • Day ( mini shirts, flowing sun dresses, etc) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jLGa4X5H2c

8. Fads • Lava lamps • Mood rings • Pet rock • Ho-Hos As well as new music, fashion, and fad trends, new technology made in the 1970’s paved the road for modern cell phones and video games we commonly see today…

9. Cell Phones • April 3, 1973: Martin Cooper, researcher from Motorola Co., made first mobile call from a handheld device to Dr. Joel's Engel from the Bell Labs competitor • Prototype phone weighed 2.5 lbs., 9 inches tall, 5-inch depth, and 1.75 inches wide • Phone only had a 30-minute talk time, and needed 10 hours to re-charge • Nonetheless, Dr. Martin Cooper’s cellular phone made modern day cell phones possible

10. PONG Many people preferred to watch actual athletes play sports rather than play a digitalized version themselves… One of first arcade video games Released in 1972 by Atari Incorporated Initially created as a tennis training exercise Quick success and began the start of advancements in video game industry

11. Martina Navratilova • Billie Jean King- “She is the greatest singles, doubles, and mixed doubles player who’s ever played • Known for the amount of titles she has won (18 Grand Slams, record holder of 31 women’s doubles titles, 10 mixed doubles, record holder at Wimbledon 9 times, etc.) • She was no longer a citizen of Czechoslovakia in 1975, and became a citizen of the US 6 years later • Became a professional athlete at the age of 18 after already winning the Czechoslovakia National Championship and debuting in the US Lawn Tennis Association • She was already a top competitor at the age of 18 in the Grand Slam tournaments

12. Pete Rose (Charlie Hustle)-earned on the Reds • Played in the majors for 25 years, Cinci. was his first team • Known for his outstanding work ethic and his high batting averages year after year, Rose was hitting .300 just 2 years after being in the MLB with an average over 200 hits per year • Played a key role in the 1975 WS by hitting .370 • Broke the former hits record held by Ty Cobb in the year 1985 • 4 years later he was never allowed to play again due to accusations of betting on games • In 1990, he served jail time for income tax evasion • His first contract started out at a $7000 signing bonus, $400 every month, and a deal of $5000 more if advanced to the majors

13. Secretariat (Big Red) • Arguably one of the best race horses of all time • Lived to be 19 and retired from racing just 3 years after he was born, a full career for thoroughbred racehorses • His winnings were worth over a sum of $1.3 million in just 3 years (a lot of money in the 70’s) • He won the Triple Crown, which no horse accomplished in the last 25 years; broke track records http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V18ui3Rtjz4 Besides watching horse races, tennis matches, and football games, Americans from the 1970’s also enjoyed watching movies as we still do today…

14. Movies and Spielberg • Blockbusters had now come about in the 70’s which broadened the American’s interest in movies • Steven Spielberg • Won 2 “best director” awards in the Academy Awards for his 2 hit dramas • Directed Jaws at the age of 28 • In a little over 2.5 months it became the top-grossing motion picture of all time • Broad range of movies from aliens (Close Encounters of the Third Kind, ET), adventure movies (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Jurassic Park), and dramas (Schindler’s List, which depicts Holocaust events, and Saving Private Ryan, which deals with WWII.

15. Saturday Night Fever • Appeared in 1977 • Made John Travolta famous • Was not just a hit movie but brought about a new era in fashion

16. Star Wars • George Lucas-creator • May 5, 1977, the next 2 came out 3 years apart • Took 16 years for them to make the first prequel. • Followed by 2 more making the last film technically the 3rd of the series • Harry Potter and James Bond are the only 2 movies that have done better than Star Wars based off of the box office ($4.49 billion)

17. Videogames and The Brady Bunch • Videogames are now able to be played on television sets • The Brady Bunch • Started in 1969 and ran for 6 years • Plot: a widow and a widower come together and remarry, each having 3 kids of their own, 3 girls and 3 boys • Many shows and movies were later created based off of the original show • 1972-1974- animated “ The Brady Kids” • 1977- “The Brady Bunch Hour” • 1981- “The Brady Brides” • 1988- “A Very Brady Christmas” • 1990- “The Brady’s” • 1995- The Brady Bunch Movie • 1996- A Very Brady Sequel

18. Happy Days • Creator: Garry Marshall, premiere: January 15, 1974, finale: September 24, 1984 • Show was created as an idea to show what life would be like in the 50’s and 60’s if life was perfect • Simple production and setup for the first 2 seasons (setting: the Cunningham’s house and the Drive-In; “Single camera setup”) • Taken from an idea in “Love, American Style”

19. SNL • Guest host on every show • 1975 NYC • Filmed with a live audience at every show • The “Not Ready for Prime Time Players” was the name given to the actors of the skits • Contributed to one of the main ideas of the show Unfortunately, the 1970’s was not a completely care-free decade. It was also a time of violence, opposition, and economic & foreign-relation disgrace…

20. Roe V. Wade • On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court ruled that states may not forbid women to have medical abortions during their first 6 months of pregnancy • Advocates of Roe describe abortion as vital to the preservation of women’s rights, and that denying such procedure violates the 13th Amendment • Opposers asserted that the decision lacks a valid constitutional foundation, and believe that because there is an absence of consensus about when meaningful life begins, it is best to avoid risking harm

21. Kent State • Day 1: Students from Kent State University express opposition to invasion in Cambodia by breaking windows and starting fires; police respond with tear gas. • Day 2: Angered by police, 800 students rally and begin to throw rocks at 500 armed guards. • Day 3: 1000 students gather for peaceful demonstration. Tear gas thrown again, but students tossed canisters back at National Guard. At noon on May 4, 1970, troopers who were up against a few stone-throwing students opened fire them and killed 4.

22. Target: Explain why the Equal Rights Amendment and the policy of affirmative action were such controversial topics in the 1970’s.

23. Equal Rights Amendment Representative Martha Griffiths stands outside the United States Capitol after ERA passes the House of Reps for the first time in 1970. It would be rejected from the Senate in 1971 and passed in the House again later that same year. It is approved by the Senate in 1972, sending it to the states for ratification, but expired on June 30, 1982. Red: Ratified Yellow: Ratified, then rescinded Green: Not ratified, but approved by one house of state legislature Blue:  Not ratified By the deadline of March 22, 1979, only 35 of 39 required states ratified. Amendment states: “Equality of rights the law shall not denied or abridged by the United States, or any state, on account of sex.” Language simplicity caused confusion. Very broad and many feel specific issues will have to be decided in court Opposed by; Southern whites, Evangelical Christians, Mormons, Jews, and Catholic men (mainly, but also women) because it defied their religious virtues and practices. Amendment socially controversial because opposers did not want a rise in female status on the social hierarchy.

24. Affirmative Action Civil rights attorney John Payton spoke in Gratz v. Bollinger before the Supreme Court. He organized a broad coalition from higher education, the military and top businesses in support of diversity initiatives. In a narrow decision in Gratz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court upheld the use of race in college admissions. *Case took place in 2003. Though not during 1970’s, the case conflict dealt with affirmative action polices that originated in the 1970’s. Affirmative action refers to equal opportunity employment measures that federal contractors are legally required to adopt. Intended to prevent discrimination against employees on the basis of color, religion, gender, or national origin. Controversial because some polices adopted racial or gender quotas for collegiate administration; criticized as reverse discrimination.

25. Target: Explain how the energy crisis and the Middle East posed significant challenges for President Carter

26. President Carter’s Energy Crisis • 1973: OAPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) leads in an oil price increase from 13 to over 34 $ per barrel. This along with the 1979 Iranian Revolution result in American energy crisis of 1979 because America was so dependent on oil • April 20, 1977: Carter asks nation to make sacrifices and support unpopular programs to conserve energy because “the alternative may be a national catastrophe.” The nation’s oil and gas supplies were running out, and reserves will not be able to meet American demand • Carter’s energy plan goals included reducing American consumption of gas, and number of imported oil barrels. He also wanted to increase the number of solar-powered homes, and coal production. • Carter’s bid to arouse support for his national energy program failed in Congress because his speech did little to resolve the basic conflict-to permit federal controls on oil and natural gas production and raise prices as incentive to look for and produce more fuel. • Graph of oil prices from 1861–2007, showing a sharp increase in 1973, and again during the 1979 energy crisis. The orange line is adjusted for inflation.

27. Opposition to the Energy Plan Carter planned to have 2.5 million U.S. homes powered by solar energy Gas rationing was extremely unpopular and to incidents of violence House of Rep leader John Rhodes from AZ said “Carter didn’t have a program to begin with…he’s trying to convince America that he does.” Oil industry opposed Carter because they believed his plan would only anger Americans During a 2-day conference designed to help resolve energy problems, Carter and his energy plan faced much criticism from Congress. Ex: “massive tax program” and “an energy disaster”

28. Problems in the Middle East Americans rallied together to express opposition towards Iranians during the Iranian Hostage Crisis • Hostage Barry Rosen, age 34 Tyrannical Shah in Iran overthrown and forced to flee Carter allowed Shah to come to U.S. for refuge and caner medical treatment; outraged Iranians Nov. 1979: Islamic students took 36 Americans as hostages known as the Iranian Hostage Crisis Carter tried to freeze Iranian assets, then began secret negotiations, but neither worked Carter finally approved a recue mission, which failed and doomed Carter’s political career Approval rating dropped when he was up for re-election the next year

29. Targets Explain the foreign policy achievements and mistakes of president Nixon Explain how the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the Watergate scandal negatively affected the U.S. Even Nixon who replaced Carter as president was unable to mend the U.S.’s broken foreign relationship with the Middle East…

30. Richard Nixon • Watergate • Foreign Affairs • Vietnamization

31. Arab Oil • Cessation of oil exports from Arab states to the U.S and some west Eur. countries. • Prices of oil and gasoline went up so much that many families went without. • Mass energy conservation efforts. • Authorized construction of pipeline to transport oil south from Alaska. • Lasted 5 months.

32. China/Soviet Union • Opened trade with China. • Nixon visited China and began to build a friendly diplomatic relationship between China and the U.S. • Eased tensions between the soviet Union and the U.S by negotiating agreements that limited nuclear weapons.

33. Vietnamization • Re-elected in 1972 landslide. • Turned over to the South Vietnamese government the responsibility of the war. • Led to the unification of Vietnam into a single communist country. • Showed that although America was technology advanced, it did not ensure an American victory.

34. Watergate • June 17th 1972, (C.R.E.E.P) members broke into the Democratic National Headquarters to bug telephones and wire the room. • May 1973, the Senate opened up hearings on the Watergate break-in. • The House of Reps. Voted to impeach Nixon. • August 8 1974, Richard Nixon became the 1st president to resign from office. • Vice Pres. Ford, pardoned Nixon completely.

35. Sticker Time! • Smiley face stickers were popularized in America in the 1970’s by two Philadelphian brothers seeking to sell novelty items • In 1974 smiley faces were used to symbolize America’s felt relief towards the end of Nixon’s presidency Thanks for listening!