Chapter 1: Grammar and Types of Grammars

1. 강의용 PPT Slide 자료Course Title: The Understanding of English Syntactic Principles and PracticesInstructor: Professor In-Seok Kim연구실: 숭인관 925호실 연락처: 940-4357조교실: 숭인관 925호실 조교연락처: 940-4357

2. Chapter 1: Grammar and Types of Grammars • 1. Five major components of grammar • a. Syntax - the grammatical principles, units, and relations • involved in sentence structure • b. Lexicon - the set of individual words • c. Semantics - the meanings associated with the lexicon of • a language and with the units and relations in sentence • structures • d. Morphology - the study of word families, suffixes, and • prefixes • e. Pragmatics - the study of the ways our real world • knowledge and beliefs  affect language use and • structure are explored

3. 2. Two kinds of Grammar • a. What is the definition of Grammar ? It refers to the rules and principles which native speakers use in producing and understanding their language. • b. Descriptive Grammar the set of generalizations formulated by grammarians who examine grammatical utterances and compare them with other logically possible strings of words

4. <Example Sentences> 1) It's me. 2) That's her. 3) Bill Gates can complain that $15 ain't what it used to be. " is not, are not, has not, have not" is contracted into "ain't.“ • c. Prescriptive grammar -- grammar based on the kind of English believed characteristic of the most educated speakers of the language e.g.,school grammar, grammar for ESL textbooks (pedagogical grammar) and computer processing.

5. <Example Sentences> 1) It's I. 2) It's she. 3) I'm going to try and help the victim. ==> I'm going to try to help the victim.

6. 3. Propositional content - the core meaning of a sentence which depends on syntax, lexicon, semantics • a. The inspector refused that arrested man's request because he had suspected an escape attempt. • b. The inspector refused the arrested man's request because he had made an escape attempt. • c. Your desk is a mess. • d. Sorry, we're busy all week. Implications: So, I can't see you this weekend. So, I can't date you tonight.

7. Chapter 2: Propositional Content • 1. Those plums look good. -- only one propositional content either when spoken by a child looking at a bowl of fruit or by the produce manager buying fruit for a store • 2. Importance of a verb: the concept expressed by the verb is typically the heart of the propositionalcontent of a sentence. • 3. Semantics consist of word-internal semantics and word-external semantics.

8. 1) word-internal semantics vs. word-external semantics die - become no longer alive kill - cause to become no longer alive (no violation of law) murder - criminally cause to become no longer alive assassinate - criminally cause politically prominent individual(s) to become no longer alive

9. 2) Word-external semantics * a. A thief assassinated a dental technician last night. b. The cockroaches died. c. The gas killed the cockroaches. d. *The cockroaches died the ant. e. The inspector gave the man his sunglasses. f. Required noun phrases and verb meaning

10. 3. Required noun phrases and verb meaning a. die - a process requiring only one participant kill - two participants (killer and victim) give - three participants (a giver, a receiver, a gift) b. The verb and its noun phrases constitute not only a syntactic unit but a semantic unit (referred to as a proposition)

11. c. Valency 1) A valency refers to the number of noun phrases that a verb requires. 2) No verb requires more than three noun phrases. 3) No NPis used in an imperative sentence. (e.g., Run !) d. Propositional content -- the core meaning of the clause, the content of the proposition which the clause expresses x DIE: The dog died. x WALK: That teddy bear walks.

12. x KILL y: A renegade soldier (x) killed the dog (y). x MEET y: The ambassador (x) met King Faisal(y) last week. x AWARD y, z: The inspector (x) awarded the restaurant (y) a gold medal (z). x GIVE y, z: That kind of behavior(x) gives our school(y) a bad reputation (z). 4. Predicates = verb + other elements of a sentence a. *The cupboard always quarreled. b. The brothers always quarreled.

13. c. The critics enjoyed the show. d. *The turnips enjoyed the show. e. * The critics pleased the show. f. The brothers always quarreled with Trudy about the car. g. The brothers were always quarrelsome. h. The brothers were always big quarrelers. i. The husband and wife were in a quarrelsome mood. 5. Two properties of Verbs 1) Valency - the number of NPs which a verb requires 2) Certain restriction on the noun phrases

14. 5. Argument = noun phrase a. x SHOW y, z: Her friends (x) showed the inspector (y) her letter (z). ARG X predicate ARG Y ARG Z b. For her to arrive late again (x) showed the inspector (y) that she was unreliable (z) 6. Argument and Grammatical Relations (semantic roles) a. x ATTACK y: x= attacker, doer, y = victim, undergoer

15. a. Mary attacked John. b. John attacked Mary. c. The president offered the rebels (OBL1) military supplies (OBL2). d. The president offered military supplied (OBL) to the rebels (OBL-to) e. Jane bought a gift for her friend (OBL-for) f. Her clothes dried on the line. g. Chester dried her clothes on the line.

16. Chapter 3: Thematic Roles and Levels of Structure 1. Each argument must be assigned to an appropriate thematic role. doer, undergoer, experiencer role, theme role a. My uncle painted his house in red. b. An angry woman was about to punch the man. c. Noel liked/was fond of/enjoyed those pinkcolors. (psychological state verb) Experiencer theme

17. Experiencer role -- an entity engaged in a mental process or state involving cognition (thinking, believing, knowing, understanding), perception (seeing, hearing, smelling) or emotion (liking, hating, fearing, being angry, trusting) d. The colors delighted/pleased/seemed delightful to Noel. theme experiencer (delight, please, enchant, seem delightful, horrify, interest, frighten, gladden, get angry, deceive, etc.)

18. Observation: For many psychological predicates, the grammatical relation subject does not correspond to the thematic role experiencer nor the object relation to the theme.

19. 2. No thematic role assigned to Filler "it" a. That you leave early is important. b. * __ is important that you leave early. c. It is important that you leave early. 3. Thematic Role Assignment for Noun Phrase a. Agent - a mind possessor who acts Jane opened the drawer. *The blackboard seems to deny any responsibility for the murder. b. Instrument – the thing with which the action is done. This iron key opened the drawer. He opened the drawer with this iron key.

20. d. Theme – 1) the role of the inert entity, which is in a certain state or position or is changing its state or position The ball rolled down the slope. School boys rolled the ball down the slope. • 2) the role assigned to clauses Many people believed that Tom was a total liar. • e. Patient - the role of affected mind-possessing entities They moved the injured soldier into the tent.

21. f. Experiencer - the one who experiences a mental state or process such as thinking, believing, understanding, seeing, hearing, fearing, hoping, being surprised - A priest's sermon inspired many people present. g. Source - the location from which someone or something originates h. Goal - the location that serves or should serve as the destination - The delegates left Seoul for New York. - The government took over a billion dollars from the poor.

22. i. Benefactive - the role of the individual for whose benefit some action is undertaken - The chef cooked a cherry pie for Jessica. 4. Thematic Roles for Nonargument Noun Phrases Noun phrases which are not arguments of predicates also have thematic roles. a. They waited for a help on the mountain. b. A truce will be declared for two weeks. c. Last year the farmers enjoyed a good harvest season. d. The doctor's car was a Hyundai.

23. 5. Clause Argument a. That he was guilty of murder was proved in court. b. *__ was proved in court that he was guilty of murder. c. It was proved in court that he was guilty of murder.

24. 6. Revised Notation for Propositional Content x PAINT y => agent PAINT theme Active voice: agent PAINT theme Passive Voice: __ be PAINTED theme a. My uncle (agent) painted his house (theme) in red. b. * ___ was painted his house in red. c. * It was painted his house in red. d. His house was painted.

25. 7. Deep and Surface Structures a. Deep structure is the level at which thematic roles are assigned. The verbs, predicate adjective phrases, predicate noun phrases,, and prepositions assign thematic roles to the noun phrases or clauses that occur right next to them. b. Surface structure is the level at which grammatical relations are established. Noun phrases like the filler it can occur without having to have any thematic role.

26. c. Transformations - The two levels (DS and SS) are connected by the kind of moving operation -- one moving the theme argument from the position after predicate into the empty subject position.

27. Chapter 4: Some Properties of Sentence Structure • 1.Word-order Parameter: Languages have different ways of distinguishing subjects and objects. A. English Word-order (SVO): • a. Tom reads a book in his room. • b. In his room Tom reads a book. • *c. Tom a book reads. • *d. A book tom reads. • *e. Reads Tom a book.

28. B. Korean Word-order(SOV) • a. Tom이 자기 방에서 책을 읽는다. • b. 자기 방에서 Tom이 책을 읽는다. • c. 책을 Tom이 자기 방에서 읽는다. • d. Tom이 책을 자기 방에서 읽는다. • 2. Three Basic Properties of Sentence • A. Linearity: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS • B. Hierarchy: Word grouping

29. VP (mother node) • node (sister) expelled the officer • C. Categoriality Lexical Category: Verb, Noun, .... Phrasal Category: VP, NP, ........ • a. The lawyer looked at the judge with suspicious eyes. • b. Phil hit the man with a red flashlight.

30. The government expelled the officers from Thailand. • S -------------sentence • NP VP ……….> phrasal det N V NP • det N’ • N pp • p NP • det N • the government expelled the officers from 0 Thailand

31. Practice: Draw the tree-diagram of the following sentences. • 1. A man kicked the car. • 2. Those crocodiles came from Egypt. • 3. The woman in the boat jumped into the water. • 4. Carlos will visit that girl in the morning. • 5. A doctor with a huge hat climbed up the cliff.

32. S NP VP det N V PP The lawyer looked P NP det N’ N PP P NP det N’ AP N A the lawyer looked at the judge with 0 suspicious eyes

33. S NP VP det N V NP det N’ N PP P NP det N’ AP N A 0 Phil hit the man with a red flashlight

34. Chapter 5: Clause Structure • 1. Definition of clause A Clause consists of a verb phrase and other grammatical elements. • a. Clara delayed her graduation • b. I heard the rumors. • c. a woman in a 1993 Jaguar sedan • d. I heard (that) Clara delayed her graduation. • e. That Clara delayed her graduation is not true.

35. 2. Difference between Finite and Non-finite Clause • Finite Clause:___________________________ • Non-finite Clause:_______________________ • a. He will go the beach with his girlfriend. • b. He wants to go to the beach with his girlfriend. • c. For him to graduate this May is necessary. • d. She thinks she will graduate this May. • e. She believes him to graduate this May.

36. S NP VP S NP VP N V 3. Sentence and Phrase Constituents; Head of Phrases

37. S NP VP DET N V ADV a wolf howled mournfully

38. 4. Extended Noun Phrases • NP DET N` AP N A the lonely man

39. VP • V NP det N’ N S’ Comp S NP VP believed the news that she left for London

40. Practice Sentence • 1. the man in the iron mask • 2. the girl with a red hat • 3. the news that he left for London • 4. He believed the news that she left for London. • 5. Two types of Clauses • Intransitive vs. Transitive • a. Dogs bark. • b. A wolf howled mourning fully. • c. The lonely ploughman talked to the cows. • d. The panther climbed the tree. • e. The mayor rejected the petitions.

41. f. Dr. Kim knew that his wife was reliable. • g. Jane arrived the next day. • h. The next day Jane arrived. • 6. Copular Verb Clauses: be, seem, become • a. This animal is a pachyderm. • b. The burglar became a beggar. • c. The elephant was sluggish • 7. Ditransitive Clauses: give, show, sell, tell. etc. • a. They gave him an award. • b. He will lend me his umbrella. • c. The generals sold the rebels many tanks.

42. Conversion using Oblique -to • c. ___________________________________ • d. ___________________________________ • e. ___________________________________ • f. They told him that he must arrive early for the award. • *g. They told that he must arrive early for the ward to him. • h. They told him to arrive early for the award. • *i. They told to arrive early for the award to him.

43. Benefactive ditransitive clause • a. Craig baked John a coffee cake. • b. Craig baked a coffee cake for John. • c. The weary soldier built them a shelter. • d. The weary soldier built a shelter for them. • Verb “cost” • a. That party may cost you a lot of money. • *b. That party may cost a lot of money to you. • *c. You may be cost a lot of money by that party.

44. Verb “award” • a. The group awarded the college two special scholarships. • b. The college was awarded two special scholarships (by the group). • *c. Two special scholarships were awarded the college (by the group). • 8. Object Complements • a. The commission called the proposal a sham. • b. The proposal was called a sham (by the commission). • *c. A sham was called the proposal (by the commission).

45. d. The group elected Mr. Chang president. • e. ___________________________________ • f. ___________________________________ • g. Shaw considered Jane a fool. • h. Shaw considered Jane to be a fool. • i. ___________________________________ • j. ___________________________________ • 9. Subject Complements • a. She left the room very happy. • b. She left the room in a good mood.

46. Chapter 6: Dependent Clauses 1. Definition of a main clause and an independent clause Main clause : ________________________ Dependent clause : ____________________ a. A soft breeze rippled the lake waters b. The aspen leaves quivered delicately. c. for Sharon? car to break down d. that Sharon? car had broken down e. because Sharon? car had broken down

47. 2. Complementizers - that, for.... to => embedded clauses) Subordinate conjunctions - because, although, since, etc. => subordinate clauses)

48. Clause Types • Main or Dependent • Independent Clauses • Clauses • Embedded Subordinate • Clauses Clauses • (that, for… to) (because, since • before, …….)

49. a. For Sharon’s car to break down would be unfortunate. b. A breakdown would be unfortunate. c. The police reported that Sharon’s car had broken down. d. The police reported the breakdown. e. *Because Sharon’s car had broken down surprised Eric. f. * The police denied because Sharon’s car had broken down. g. The family returned to the villa after Sharon’s car had broken down.

50. h. They found the children where Sharon’s car had broken down. • i. He would only use his sister’s car if it broke down. • j. She locked the doors so as to prevent any more intrusions. see table 6.1