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Civil Rights

Civil Rights . Chapter 28. Demands for Civil Rights. AA Migration 1910 – 1940: AA moved to cities Became prominent citizens Alliances with political machines = rights New Deal FDR & Dems sought black vote Many AA hired by government WWII AA found jobs in labor shortages

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Civil Rights

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  1. Civil Rights Chapter 28

  2. Demands for Civil Rights • AA Migration • 1910 – 1940: AA moved to cities • Became prominent citizens • Alliances with political machines = rights • New Deal • FDR & Dems sought black vote • Many AA hired by government • WWII • AA found jobs in labor shortages • People began to see the racism • Rise of the NAACP • Fought “separate but equal” • Mr. Civil Rights = Thurgood Marshall

  3. Brown v. Board of Education • 1951 • Oliver Brown sued Topeka, KS school district • Wanted daughter to go to white school by home • April 17, 1954 – separate but equal = not constitutional • 1955 – Supreme court ordered desegregation

  4. Reaction to Brown • AA’s rejoiced • Southern Whites = fear and angry resistance • KKK threatened any who tried to enforce • Southern Manifesto • 90 senators • Supreme Court has overstepped their bounds • Vowed to fight back

  5. Montgomery Bus Boycott • December 1955 • Rosa Parks, seamstress & NAACP secretary • Refused to give seat to white man • Arrested at next stop

  6. Civil Rights leaders organized boycott • No AA to ride bus until policy changed • 26 year old Martin Luther King, Jr. = spokesperson • 50,000 AA in Montgomery walked, bike, carpool • Buses lost $$$, refused to change • 1956 – Supreme Court deemed rule unconstitutional

  7. Resistance in Little Rock • Fall 1957 • Gov. OrvalFaubus • Posted National Guard troops at Central HS • Stop integration of 9 AA Students • President Eisenhower sent troops to protect them

  8. Laying the GroundworkNAACP • Oldest Civil Rights group 1909 • Member interracial • Challenged laws and secure equality • Pushed anti-lynching laws

  9. National Urban League • 1911 • Assist AA moving to urban areas • Found migrants apartments and safe places • Pushed factories to teach AA skills

  10. CORE • 1942 by James Farmer • Congress of Racial Equality • Change through peaceful confrontation • Organized peaceful protests

  11. SCLC • 1957 by MLK • Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Advocated non-violence • Do not resist attackers

  12. Dr. King leads the way • Young Baptist preacher • Influenced by Gandhi • Civil disobedience • Trained volunteers in passive resistance • Key role in every Civil Rights event • Nobel Peace Prize in 1964

  13. Formation of SNCC • 1960 by students in Raleigh, North Carolina • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Allowed younger generation to help • Gave voice to student activists

  14. Robert Moses • Harvard grad and math teacher in Harlem • Soft spoken but passionate • Leader and trainer for SNCC

  15. Sit-ins challenge segregation • CORE created sit-in in 1943 • Stay in place if refused service • Force owners to choose: serve or risk disruption • Jail was “badge of honor” • 1960: 70,000 students, 3,600 served time

  16. Freedom Rides: Purpose • Boynton v. Virginia (1960) • Desegregated interstate buses • 1961 – Freedom Rides • Test Southern states compliance with law

  17. Violence greets riders • 1st Ride – 5/4/61 from DC • 13 Riders = black and white • To Atlanta – small conflicts • One bus had tires slashed and fire bombed • Riders beaten upon exit • SNCC considered calling off • Seen as suicide

  18. National Reaction • Photos horrified the country • Amazed that sane people could go so crazy • Riders arrested, new ones replaced them • Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent Marshalls to protect riders

  19. Integration at “Ole Miss” • 1961 – James Meredith, AA Air Force Vet • Transfer to U of Mississippi (all-white) • 1962 – SC upheld his right • Mississippi Governor said no • President JFK sent Marshalls to help Meredith around campus • Violent riots, 2 killed, 100s hurt

  20. Clash in Birmingham • Birmingham most segregated city in US • MLK planned boycotts, sit-ins, marches • Protesters and MLK in jail • MLK writes famous letter • After bail, back to protests • Sheriff Bull Connor arrested 900 • Fire hoses, police dogs, tear gas • All on TV • Won protest, city desegregated

  21. Kennedy on Civil Rights • As MA senator, voted for civil rights • Became President in 1960 • Appointed AA to high positions • Thurgood Marshall = 1st AA Supreme Court Justice • Violence upset JFK • 1963 on TV = “Nation must fulfill its promise” • After Birmingham, proposed strong CR bill • Southern senators kept it from vote

  22. March on Washington • August 1962 to push CR bill • 200,000 people = Jobs and Freedom • Leaders, celebrities, musicians preformed • MLK “I Have A Dream” • Bill still didn’t go to vote

  23. Civil Rights act of 1964Johnson’s Role • November 1964 – JFK assassinated • New President Lyndon B. Johnson • Wanted to pass JFK’s bill • House passed, Senate filibustered • Filibuster – prevent vote by refusing to leave the floor • Pushed cloture, got vote in June 1964 • Law passed

  24. Provisions of the Act • Title I – Banned different voter registration standards • Title II – Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations • Title VI – Withheld funds from non-compliant programs • Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunity Committee (EEOC) no job discrimination

  25. Freedom Summer • 1964 • Voter registration in Mississippi • 1000 Black and White volunteers • KKK tried to intimidate the volunteers • Murders, mob attacks, churches and homes bombed

  26. Democratic Convention • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) • Sent delegates to 1964 Democratic Convention • Not seated because not a real party • LBJ offered to let 2 stay, rejected

  27. Selma March • Blacks had a hard time voting • Arrested just standing in line to vote • Protest march – Selma to Montgomery (50 miles) • Police whipped, clubbed, tear gas • TV showed everything • LBJ sent National Guard to protect • 25,000 marchers

  28. Voting Rights Act • LBJ on TV response to Selma • “We Shall Overcome” • Congress passed Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Allowed federal workers to register voters where locals were blocking • Eliminated literacy test • 400,000 AA registered in the South

  29. Legal Landmark • 24th Amendment (1964) • Outlawed Poll Tax • Some wanted more militant approach Dark Blue - Ratified amendment, 1962–64 Light Blue - Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1977, 1989, 2002, 2009 Orange - Rejected amendment Grey - Didn't ratify amendment

  30. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism • Malcolm X • Born Malcolm Little in Omaha in 1925 • Father: minister, “Back to Africa” movement • Turned to crime at young age • At 20, arrested for burglary, 7 years in prison • Joined Nation of Islam • Preached Black separation and self-help

  31. Black Nationalism • Leader Elijah Muhammad • Allah would bring “Black Nation” • No change via politics • Work hard and wait for God • Malcolm X out of jail in 1952 • Became minister for 12 years

  32. Opposition to Integration • Malcolm X rejected integration & civil disobedience • 1964 – MX founds Muslim Mosque Inc. • Went to Mecca • Saw all races praying together changed his view • Came back to work with CR leaders • Shot in February 1965 • Influenced SNCC members the most

  33. SNCC Shifts Gears • Stokely Carmichael became radical leader • Tired of non-violent protest • Wanted SNCC workers to carry guns • Rid group of whites • “We Want Black Power” • Unite, recognize heritage, build community

  34. The Black Panthers • 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton • Wanted government to rebuild ghettos, stop brutality • Violent encounters with the police

  35. Riot in the Streets • De Jure Segregation – created by law • De Facto Segregation – created by social conditions • 1964 – Riots in ghetto communities • Watts, CA – police arrested black man who resists • Riots for 6 days = 34 dead, 1000s injured • National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder • 1968 – Kerner Commission Report: “Nation is divided”

  36. Tragedy: MLK • 1968: MLK focused on economic issues • Poverty breeds violence • New crusade = Poor People’s Campaign • Memphis, TN April 4, 1968 • Shot on hotel balcony • Violent public reaction • Riots in 120 cities • Took 50,000 troops to stop

  37. Robert Kennedy • Senator and Attorney General • 1968 Presidential Candidate • Reached out to help minorities • June 4th = won California primary • June 5th @ 1am = shot and killed

  38. Legacy of the Movement • Both races wondered if progress was possible • By 1975, elected AA went up 88% • Real change had happened • More to come

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