Strong forms & weak forms, Linking and Rhythm

1. Strong forms & weak forms, Linking and Rhythm Huang Wanmei

2. Strong forms & Weak forms • Strong forms: stressed forms • Weak forms: unstressed forms (schwa //)

4. How are strong forms changed into weak forms? • From strong vowels to weak ones // • Prepositionsat for from of to • Aux verbsam are can do does had has have must shall should was were will would • Adverbs conjunctions articlesa an and as but some than that the • Pronounsher them us you your

5. From strong vowels to weak ones // • be been he him his she we • // dropping • Weak forms which drop their initial // except at the beginning of utterances • had has had have he her him his

6. Linking Vowel to Vowel •  If our lips are round at the end of the first word, we insert a // sound:

7. If our lips are wide at the end of the first word, we insert a // sound:

8. Linking Consonant to Vowel • When a word ends in a consonant sound, we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound. • For example, in the phrase "turn off"

9. To link the final vowels /:/ or // to a following by adding the // sound, for example:

10. // and // before // sound:

11. If you're linking the same sound, you should simply hold the sound a little longer: • haddifficulties • kisssomeone • makecoffee

12. Listen and find out the differences • The plane is here. The play is here. • We arrive at 9. We arrived at 9. • I'm going to bite it. I'm going to buy it. • Keep playing. Key playing. • Did you know? Do you know?

13. Rhythm of English • Rhythm in English speech is based on stress. A rhythm unit is formed by a stresses syllable, together with unstressed syllables. • 1234 • 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 • 1 and a 2 and a 3 and a 4 • 1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4

14. Tom John Steve Sam • Thomson Johnson Steven Samson • Thomson andJohnson andSteven andSamson • Thomson and thenJohnson and thenSteven andthenSamson

15. 句中重读音节相继出现的地方，通常语速会慢一些，音节听起来也清楚一些。句中重读音节相继出现的地方，通常语速会慢一些，音节听起来也清楚一些。 • 重读音节之间拥挤出现的非重读音节听起来轻快而且含糊。 • 一句话说起来所需时间长短不取决于句中的单词数或音节数，而取决于句中有多少个重读音节。

16. Patterns of rhythm • Sentences with two stressed syllables   Comehere. Do it now. Leave it alone. They did it well. I think he ought to.

17. Sentences with three stressed syllables.    Don’tgonow. Samworkshard. I think he wants us to go. I’m sorry I’m late again. I wonder if he’ll tell them in advance.

18. Sentences with four stressed syllables.     He used to play it every day. She ought to know the way by now. You said that he wanted us to come for the party.