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Scientific Method

A well designed experiment includes: ONE variable Control group Large sample size Reproducible Procedure. Scientific Method. D- Define the problem R- Research H- Hypothesis E- Experiment R- Results C- Conclusion. Clinical Trials.

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Scientific Method

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  1. A well designed experiment includes: • ONE variable • Control group • Large sample size • Reproducible Procedure Scientific Method D- Define the problem R- Research H- Hypothesis E- Experiment R- Results C- Conclusion

  2. Clinical Trials Clinical trials help doctors and scientists test new medications. Placebo group: receives a simulated “fake” version of the treatment. They serve as the control group. Treatment group: receives the actual treatment. They serve as the variable group.

  3. Lab Equipment

  4. Lab Safety Highlights When first entering the room, do not touch equipment. Tie back or remove dangling items, such as long hair or jewelry. Wear eye protection, like goggles. Do not remove them until directed by your teacher. Only use materials and equipment authorized by your teacher. Read all labels on containers and keep containers closed. Do not eat or drink in the lab. Do not touch, taste, or smell any chemical. Report any accident to your teacher immediately. Know the location of the emergency shower and fire extinguisher. Dispose of lab waste as directed by your teacher. Wash your hands after every experiment. Read ALL directions and procedures. If you don’t understand, ASK YOUR TEACHER! No horseplay!

  5. How is the human body organized? Smallest to Largest

  6. Digestive System Function: to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum Mechanical Breakdown: happens in your mouth with help from your teeth and tongue Chemical Breakdown: stomach acid breaks down food into smaller pieces

  7. Circulatory System Function:to transport blood, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body Organs and Structures: heart, veins, arteries Heart: is classified as both a muscle AND an organ; pumps and circulates blood throughout the body Veins: carry blood to the heart Arteries:carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to other parts of the body Pulse: how many times your heart beats in a period of time; pulse increases with physical activity and lowers with rest

  8. Respiratory System Function:to bring oxygen to the body and remove waste product, carbon dioxide (CO2) Organs and Structures:nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Common Ailments: include problems breathing, such as coughing, asthma, etc…

  9. Excretory System Function:to remove waste products from the body Organs and Structures:kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder, lungs, skin Bladder: stores liquid waste (urine) Skin: excess salt is released via sweat Lungs: removes gas waste in the form of CO2

  10. Nervous System Function:to communicate messages to and from the body to the brain Organs and Structures:brain, spinal cord, nerves

  11. Cell Theory 1.) Cells are the basic unit of life. 2.) All organisms are made of one or more cells. 3.) All cells come from other cells that already exist.

  12. Who developed Cell Theory? Robert Hooke (1635-1703): first person to observe cells through a microscope, observed cork cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): observed movement of living one-celled organisms through a microscope Rudolf Carl Virchow (1821-1902): declared that all cells come from other cells that already exist

  13. Animal Cells

  14. Plant Cells

  15. Organelles Nucleus:Control center of the cell; contains DNA Mitochondria: Produces energy for the cell; nicknames: “mighty mitochondria,” “powerhouse” Golgi Bodies: Packages, labels, and ships proteins out of the cell Vacuole: Storage area in the cell; stores water, nutrients, waste; MUCH larger in a plant cell Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis; ONLY found in plant cells

  16. Careers in Science The suffix “–ologist” means “a person who studies” For example, a “toxicologist” is a person who studies toxins. The prefix is often a Latin root. Other examples: “biologist” = bio + ologist, a person who studies life “epidemiologist” = epidemi + ologist = a person who studies how diseases spread through populations

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