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Intelligence

Intelligence. What is intelligence?. Varies by culture Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks. Is “IQ” nature or nurture?. IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ). IQ partly based on heredity.

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence

  2. What is intelligence? • Varies by culture • Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks

  3. Is “IQ” nature or nurture? • IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ)

  4. IQ partly based on heredity Identical twins reared separately have more similar IQ than fraternal twins reared together.

  5. Is “IQ” nature or nurture? • IQ and birth parents (Childrearing effects IQ)

  6. Is IQ one general ability or several specific abilities? • Factor analysis • Used to determine if intelligence is one or a cluster of traits • Clusters: verbal, mathematical, spatial, reasoning abilities • General intelligence “G” factor • A general capacity that underlies all specific mental abilities

  7. Specific types of intelligence Emotional Cognitive Unique

  8. Emotional intelligence • Ability to express, understand, and process emotions • Being very empathic

  9. Cognitive intelligence Math Reading comprehension

  10. Unique intelligence Savant Syndrome Incredible ability in one area Numbers, drawing, music, memory

  11. Beginnings of intelligence testing • Originally designed to measure cognitive aptitude • Alfred Benet • Predicted school achievement with mental age • Eg. A 9 year old child has a mental age of 9 • Lewis Terman (From Stanford University) • Created the American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test • Developed the “Stanford-Binet” IQ test

  12. Intelligence Quotent (IQ) • Mental age divided by chronological age X 100 • E.g. 15 divided by 15 X 100 = 100 • 10 divided by 8 X 100 = 125 • Worked well for children but not adults • Today’s IQ tests compare the person’s performance to others of his own age (100 is average)

  13. Standardization • Scores relative to a pre-tested group • Based on a normal curve • The Bell shaped (normal) curve • Ave. a score of intelligence test = 100

  14. Standard intelligence tests WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

  15. Other tests • Achievement tests - Measure what has been learned • Calculus test • Aptitude tests - Predicting ability • A test of your capacity to learn • College entrance exams ( SAT & GRE exams)

  16. Creating tests • Validity • Reliability • Standardization

  17. Validity • Measuring what it is supposed to measure • Content validity • College exams • Driver’s license exam • Criterion validity • Test compared to criterion group • (e.g. depressed patients) • Predictive Validity • SAT & GRE exams

  18. Reliability • Consistent results • Internal consistency • Odd v.s. even questions

  19. Standardization Testing a group Determining scoring based on a bell curve.

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