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The Stalemated Seventies

The Stalemated Seventies. 70’s have no economic boom like 50’s and 60’s. Children could have a standard of living less than their parents Period of Stagflation- economy is experiencing a recession and inflation at the same time. Economy of the 1970’s. Combination of factors

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The Stalemated Seventies

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  1. The Stalemated Seventies

  2. 70’s have no economic boom like 50’s and 60’s. Children could have a standard of living less than their parents Period of Stagflation- economy is experiencing a recession and inflation at the same time Economy of the 1970’s

  3. Combination of factors 1.Teens and Womens working- less likely to take full time jobs, thus not developing job skills 2.Adjusting to new safety and environmental regulations 3.Shifting to service economy 4. Rise in oil prices 5. Vietnam 6. Biggest cause- LBJ’s deficit spending- Fighting V war and Great Society- never raised taxes Cost of living tripled in 12 years after Nixon’s inauguration Roots of stagnation

  4. US businesses STRONG during post WWII, no incentive to modernize plans German and Japan, rebuild with modern technology- not beginning to dominate cars, steel, and electronic industries Roots of stagnation

  5. Has to quell at the domestic issues with war Vietnamization- withdraw US troops, let S. Vietnam fight their own war (with the financial backing and training of US) Nixon and Nam

  6. Part of Nixon Doctrine- US will honor existing commitments, but in the future Asians and others will have to fight their own wars without large bodies of US ground troops Nixon and Nam

  7. Doves = immediate withdrawal of troops Hawks = support war- also known as Silent majority Dove protests pick up in late 69 Nixon appeals to silent majority- protestors = bums Nixon and Nam

  8. 1970- war becomes longest conflict in US history 40,000 killed 250,000 wounded Very unpopular war Draft policies exclude college students- and those with critical skills Results in – least privileged Americans fighting war Troops and casualties were disproportionately black. Racial conflicts among soldiers Drug use is on the rise Rumors of “fragging” America and Nam

  9. 1968- My Lai Massacre- US troops murder innocent and children at My Lai village US finds out in 1970 1970- Nixon picks up bombing campaign on neighboring Cambodia (without consulting congress) Domestic Discontent with war

  10. College protests Cambodia bombing Kent State University Massacre- 4 protesters are killed by national guard Jackson State College in MS- two students killed Domestic Discontent with war

  11. Cambodia only lasts 2 months African American’s upset with “whitey’s war” Congress 1. Repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 2.Reduced draft cards 3.shortened period of draftability 4. 26 amendment- suffrage at 18 All done to try to pacify protestors, little success 1971 Pentagon Papers are leaked- shows mishaps of JFK and LBJ, and the US provoking the N. Vietnam attack at Gulf of Tonkin Domestic Discontent with war

  12. China and Russia at odds over interpretations of Marxism Nixon, with aid of national security advisor Henry Kissinger, want to use this to their advantage 1972- Nixon shocks the world by visiting China Wants to “normalize” relationship, and start one China policy Nixon and Détente

  13. Nixon visits Moscow (72) Russia needs food, worried about China US relationship, ready for change Detente-= relaxed tensions 1. US will send wheat, corn to Russia for three years. 2. Reducing arms race Anti-ballistic missile treaty (ABM) Serious of nuclear arms reduction talks- SALT- strategic arms limitations treaty Nixon and Détente

  14. ABM forbade elaborate defensive systems, US develops MIRVs- multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles- designed to overcome any defense by saturating it with rockets USSR does the same Arms race still going Nixon and Détente

  15. Outspoken hatred for Chile’s president Salvador Allende Embargo on Chile, CIA sent undermine legitimacy Chile army attacks Allende (everybody knows US was involved) Show support for General Augusto Pinochet Nixon still hates commies

  16. Nixon hates chief Justice Warren and judicial activism Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, but creating a “right to privacy.” Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) said that all criminals were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were too poor to afford it. Escobedo (1964) and Miranda (1966) were two cases in which the Supreme Court ruled that the accused could remain silent. Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School District of Abington Township vs. Schempp (1963) were two cases that led to the Court ruling against required prayers and having the Bible in public schools, basing the judgment on the First Amendment, which was argued separated church and state. The Supreme Court

  17. Nixon wants to place more conservative on the bench Earl Warren retires Warren E Burger takes over Nixon has total of 4 appointed supreme court judges But judges to push conservative agenda, in some cases more liberal (Roe vs. Wade) The Supreme Court

  18. Nixon also expanded Great Society programs by increasing appropriations for Medicare and Medicaid, as well as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and created the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which gave benefits to the indigent, aged, blind, and disabled, and he raised Social Security. 1972- legislation that makes social security increase with cost of living- helps contribute to huge inflation Nixon and the Home front

  19. Required construction-trade unions working on the federal payroll to establish “goals and timetables” for Black employees Big change to affirmative action LBJ- it was used to protect individuals, now changes to give certain groups privileges This plan changed “affirmative action” to mean preferable treatment on groups (minorities), not individuals, and the Supreme Court’s decision on Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) supported this. Some complain of reverse discrimination Philadelphia Plan

  20. Environmental Protection Agency created in 1970 Influence by Silent Spring- Rachel Carson 1962- exposes poisonous effects of pesticides 4-22 1970 first celebration of earth day 1970 Clean Air Act 1973- Endangered Species Act EPA

  21. Federal regulation of workers and consumers increased Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) Consumer Product Safety Commission EPA, OSHA, CPSC increase federal control over business Nixon and home front

  22. 1971- wage and price freeze for 90 days, to stop inflation Takes US off the gold standard, devaluates the dollar Southern strategy- appoint conservative supreme court justices, soft pedaling civil rights, and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance Nixon and the home front

  23. North Vietnam making an impressive charge Democrats select George McGovern- pull troops out in 90 days, but appeals to all minorities and looses some of core democratic voters, liberal approach (plus VP had undergone psychiatric care) Reps- Nixon had done well in bring troop levels down 12 days before election, Kissinger announced that “peace is at hand” with Nam Election of 1972

  24. Nixon picks up bombing, to force N. Vietnam back to conference table Treaty of Paris- 1973- cease fire Nixon- “Peace with honor” N. Vietnam still occupied 30% of S. Vietnam The “peace” was actually a disguise for American retreat Peace?

  25. 1973- US is shocked when they discover secret bombing of Cambodia After cease fire- Nixon ups bombing, vetoes congresses’ efforts to stop him War Powers Act -1) required the president to report all commitments of U.S. troops to Congress within 48 hours and and (2) setting a 60 day limit on those activities. Part of “New Isolationism” = mood of caution and self restraint in foreign affairs Cambodia

  26. Yom Kippur War- Egypt and Syria try to regain lands lost in Six Day War US supports and saves Israel OPEC announces oil Embargo on US for support of Israel, then cut oil production Gas embargo causes US recession, then spreads to UK and France Oil Embargo and NRG Crisis

  27. Congress reaction 1. Oil pipeline in Alaska 2. National speed limit of 55 5 moths of the “blackmail” embargo demonstrates the end of cheap NRG OPEC lifts embargo, and quadrupled crude oil prices Oil Embargo and NRG Crisis

  28. On June 17, 1972, five men working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President (CREEP) were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel (Democratic headqtrs) and planting some bugs in the room. Dirty tricks- forge documents to discredit democrats, use the IRS to harass people on White House “enemy list”, burglarizing office of Pentagon Paper leaker, use FBI and CIA to cover tracks Watergate and Nixon Scandals

  29. Vice president Spiro Agnew forced to resign for taking bribes from Maryland contractors Gerald Ford becomes new VP Watergate and Nixon Scandals

  30. Select Senate committee televised Watergate affair Public finds out that tapes contain white house conversations, Nixon denies involvement, won’t hand over the tape because of his “executive privilege” Saturday Night Massacre- in which Archibald Cox, special prosecutor of the case who had issued a subpoena of the tapes, was fired and the attorney general and deputy general resigned because they didn’t want to fire Cox. Watergate and Nixon Scandals

  31. 1974- Nixon realizes “relevant portions of tapes” Then supreme court rules Nixon can’t withhold evidence Smoking gun tape- Nixon giving orders to use CIA to hold back an FBI inquiry Watergate and Nixon Scandals

  32. Articles of impeachment are drawn up- obstruction of justice, abuse of presidential powers, contempt of congress Reps see “writing on the wall”- tell Nixon no way he can survive impeachment Watergate and Nixon Scandals

  33. 1st man to be president without being elected Illegitimacy hung over head LBJ- Jerry lacks brainpower, can’t walk and chew gum at the same time. Ford pardon’s Nixon, Democrats are pissed (Buddy Deal) Ford continues with Détente Helsinki Accords which recognized Soviet boundaries, guaranteed human rights, and eased the U.S.—Soviet situation. West Germans love it Critics- détente was making the U.S. lose grain and technology while gaining nothing from the Soviets. 1st un-elected President

  34. North Vietnam crushes the South, after congress wouldn’t allow more aid to the South Fall of Saigon happens fast, remaining Americans have to flee fast Defeat in Vietnam

  35. Cost- 118 Billion 56,000 dead 300,000 wounded US lost world wide respect US self confidence is hurt Vietnam and its legacy

  36. During the 1970s, the feminist movement became energized and took a decidedly aggressive tone. 1972- Title IX prohibited sex discrimination in any federally funded education program (big in female sports) Supreme Court aids feminism movement Roe v. Wade case legalized abortion, arguing that ending a pregnancy was protected under a right to privacy. Feminist Victories and Defeats

  37. Even more ambitious was the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) to the Constitution. 1972- Nixon vetoed proposal to set up nationwide day care, because it would weaken the family Anti feminists blame divorce rate on feminists, churches start movements to oppose abortion Conservative ultra anti feminists- Phyllis Schlafly- said ERA would deprive a woman’s right to be a wife and It would require women to serve in combat. 1982- ERA dies, 3 states short of success Feminist Victories and Defeats

  38. 1974 Milliken v. Bradley case, the Supreme Court ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines. This reinforced the “white flight” to the suburbs that pitted the poorest whites and blacks against each other, often with explosively violent results. 70’s Black and White

  39. Affirmative Action- whites still screaming reverse discrimination In the Bakke case of 1978, the Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 that Allan Bakke (a white applicant claiming reverse discrimination) should be admitted to U.C.—Davis med school. The decision was ambiguous saying (1) admission preference based on any race was not allowed, but conversely that (2) race could be factored into the admission policy. The Supreme Court’s only black justice, Thurgood Marshall, warned that the denial of racial preferences might sweep away the progress gained by the civil rights movement. 70’s Black and White

  40. Get inspiration from civil rights movement Focus- assert status of separate semi-sovereign peoples Capture Alcatraz in 1970, Wounded Knee in 1972 US v. Wheeler- Native tribes possessed a “unique and limited” sovereignty, subject to will of Congress, but not individual states Native Americans in the 70’s

  41. Bicentennial Reps- Gerald Ford Demos- Jimmy Carter JC almost running against memory of Watergate, rather than Ford – JC- “I’ll never lie to you” 97% of African Americans vote for JC Election of 1976

  42. Carter wins Democratic majority in both houses Creates new cabinet- Dept. of NRG Pardons ten thousand Vietnam draft dodgers Popularity was high early on, but campaigned as an outside, usually rubbed congress the wrong way Election of 1976

  43. “Human Rights” dominated Carter’s foreign policy- Rhodesia and South Africa Camp David Accords- Biggest Success- Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin(Israel) Israel agreed to withdraw from territory gained in the 1967 war, while Egypt would respect Israel’s territories. Carter the Humanitarian

  44. Resumes diplomatic relations with China at 3 year interruption Pushes through treaties that give Panama Canal back to Panamanians Despite these successes cold war still hangs over US head Cubans, supported by USSR, appeared in Angola, Ethiopia, and other areas in Africa Carter the Humanitarian

  45. Inherits Ford’s recession, inflation rate at 13% in1980 Americans would learn that they could no longer hide behind their ocean moats and live happily insulated from foreign affairs Carter diagnosed America’s problems as stemming primarily from the nation’s costly dependence on foreign oil JC and the Economy

  46. CIA placed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi gets overthrown in 1979 Muslim fundamentalists resent Reza’s attempt to Westernize Iran Iran’s oil production is stalled during rebellion, OPEC hike up crude oil prices – another gas crisis The US and Iran

  47. Chides US citizens for falling into a “moral and spiritual crisis” and being too concerned with “material goods” Then, a few days later, he fired four cabinet secretaries and tightened the circle around his Georgian advisors even more tightly. Malaise Speech

  48. 1979- Leonid Brezhnev and Carter meet to discuss SALT II Senate won’t ratify the treaty Nov 4, 79- Iranian militants take over US embassy in Iran, takes all as hostages Rebels want the US to ship back the former Shah for trial Carter and foreign affairs

  49. Dec 1979- Soviets invade Afghanistan(next to Iran) Carter embargos USSR, called for boycott of Olympic games in Moscow Carter says US will us any means necessary, including force to protect Persian Gulf Carter admits to being fooled by the Soviets and SALT II Soviets busy in “Russia’s Vietnam” Carter and foreign affairs

  50. Kills US moral- nightly news broadcasts show anti-American mobs in Iran Economic sanctions applied, US is waiting for a stable government US plans rescue mission, fails mainly due to weather, two helicopters crash into each other US now looks helpless and incompetent 444 days Iranian Hostage Crisis

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