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Stalemated 70s

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Stalemated 70s

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    1. Stalemated 70s Chapter 39

    2. 1970s a Difficult Decade

    3. Stagflation Causes : More female and teen workers with less skills and less chance for wage advancement Baby Boomers entering the work force, making jobs harder to find. Ageing of US factors and equipment Competition from revitalized Europe and Japan start to dominate in Steel, electronics and automobiles, arenas that US had dominated.

    4. Causes of Inflation Sharply increased spending from Vietnam War and Great Society without associated tax increase. Sharply rising oil prices. In the 12 years from mid 70s to mid 80s cost of living tripled in one of the sharpest periods of inflation in US history. Wage increases barely kept pace.

    5. Nixon in Vietnam Nixon tried to quiet criticism and change policy without giving up. Announces policy of Vietnamization. Gradually withdraw US troops and increasingly turn the fighting over the to the South Vietnamese. Nixon Doctrine

    6. Continued Protests Nixon policy did not satisfy the peace movement, and there continue to be anti-war protests. Nixon is angered by the protests. He sees them as the product of a radical but loud fringe. Nixon appeals to “Silent Majority”. Nixon is suspicious of liberal elite and is trying to enlist the average Joe. Early culture war. Nixon uses Agnew as an attack dog.

    7. Draft Draft dramatically increases unpopularity of the war. Young people felt they were being drafted to fight a conflict they didn’t support. Draft was undemocratic--exempted college students and those with critical civilian jobs. draftees tended to be poor or minorities. Troops and casualties were disproportionately black.

    8. Hard Life of Soldiers Military Discipline suffered. Conditions in the jungle were hard. Hot, wet, dark, rainy. VC were fighting a guerrilla war of sneak attack and blend back into the country. Hard to distinguish civilians from military combatants. Lots of drug use by troops. Unpopular officers were “fragged”. My Lai Massacre

    9. Cambodianizing The Vietnam War In April, 1970, Nixon authorized US troops to attack into Cambodia. Sparked a new round of angry and often violent protests. Kent State Jackson St. Tensions between doves and “hawks” become deeper and more bitter. African Americans increasingly angry over “whitey’s war”. Senate repeals Gulf of Tonkin resolution. Pentagon Papers.

    10. Détente With China And USSR Nixon seeks to exploit tensions between China and USSR. Reasons for tensions. 1971 Nixon announced that he would go to China. Went in February, 1972. Shanghai Communiqué—two nations agreed to normalize their relationship. US accepts a one-china policy that signals that US will scale back on support for an independent Taiwan.

    11. Nixon in USSR Nixon goes to USSR in May, 1972, to play the China Card. Soviets nervous. Soviets grain deal. ABM treaty. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).

    12. Supreme Court Supreme Court under fire from conservatives, and Nixon ran on the idea of appointing more conservative justices. Warren Court handed down a number of cases regarding bill or rights that angered many conservative. Griswold v. Connecticut. Gideon v. Wainright Miranda v. Arizona New York Times v. Sullivan Series of cases striking down school prayer and other religious activity in public schools.

    13. Supreme Court Nixon appoints four supreme court judges Court grows more conservative, but still liberal overall. Is Burger Court that decides Roe v. Wade in 1973 by a 7-2 margin.

    14. Nixon the Progressive Nixon had a liberal domestic agenda by today’s standards. Expanded the benefits under Social Security Indexed Social Security to inflation Established the Environmental Protection Clean Air Act and Endangered Species Act. Rachel Carson—Silent Spring. Country had become sensitive to effects of pollution. Crying Indian Ad

    15. Nixon on Civil Rights Philadelphia Plan: established affirmative action in federal contracting. This was controversial, as it appeared to be reverse discrimination to some Election strategy in 1972—Southern Strategy. Led him to oppose mandatory school busing, call for more conservative judges and soft pedal on affirmative action

    16. Nixon Landslide Of 1972 Foreign Policy and Vietnam dominated the election. Democrats nominated South Dakota Senator George McGovern. Vietnam was front and center. Reason McGovern ran an unabashedly liberal campaign. He tried to appeal to minorities, feminists, leftists and youth. Reason didn’t work? Eagleton Problem Kissinger announcement Nixon wins 49 states.

    17. Landslide

    18. Cambodia and War Powers Congress very concerned about US bombing of Cambodia. Military hid from Congress. Bombings continued after the 1973 cease fire. Gulf of Tonkin (Johnson) and Cambodian bombing (Nixon) led to passage of the War Powers Act Passed over Nixon Veto Terms. Part of “new isolationism”. Respect for military at an all time low Draft ended in 1973 and move to an all-volunteer army.

    19. 1973 Yom Kippur War Egypt and Syria, backed by Soviets, unleash a surprise attack against Israel in an attempt to get back the territory lost in the 6-day war of 1967 US believes that Soviets plan to send in their own troops. Nixon puts US nuclear forces on alert air-lifts in massive military supplies, which help the Israelis turn the tide. Ultimately US pressures Israelis to agree to cease fire although it was driving into Egypt. But, built new resentment in Arab world against US support for Israel.

    20. Oil Embargo October of 1973 Arabs impose and oil embargo. Consequences for U.S. Oil Embargo lifted in 1974 but OPEC clamped down on production with result that price of oil quadrupled. Hurt US balance of trade and increased inflation.

    21. Watergate Watergate break-in CREEP and dirty tricks Woodward and Bernstein VP Agnew resigns for separate reasons Gerald Ford appointed VP

    22. Watergate John Dean Nixon Tapes Saturday Night Massacre Archibald Cox US v. Nixon Nixon Resigns, 8/8/1974

    23. Gerald Ford Inherited problems Inherent problems Nixon Pardon Reasons Political Cost Helsinki Accords

    24. Defeat In Vietnam Early in 1975 North Vietnamese drive southward. Congress refused to provide further weapons or money. North easily defeated the South. North moved so rapidly that US personnel still in Vietnam had to be evacuated. Ultimately half-million Vietnamese come to the US Cost of war: 118 Billion, 56,000 dead. 300K wounded Consequences of War to US foreign policy.

    25. Feminist Victories Feminists had many victories in 60s and 70s. 1972 Congress passes Title IX. Congress passes the Equal Right Amendment, and many states ratify. Supreme Court strikes down sex discrimination the Equal Protection clause and in employment under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Roe v. Wade in 1973 is seen as a victory for feminism. Woman start entering professional schools and the workforce in more than subservient roles.

    26. Feminist Defeats Is a backlash against feminism. Many conservatives and Christian conservatives argue that Men are supposed to be head of household and that children are harmed by mothers who work. Phyllis Schally Feminists are accused of wanting to be “manish”. Increasing divorce rate is blamed on feminism. ERA fails when enough states don’t ratify ERA necessary? Feminists ultimately victorious in next generation.

    27. 1976 Election Gerald Ford wins the Republican nomination after a tough battle from Ronald Reagan. Reagan philosophy. Jimmy Carter wins Democratic nomination Former governor of Georgia Dark Horse. Carter’s campaign themes Outsider Honest Born-Again. Carter wins a narrow victory with 51% of the vote.

    29. Carter as President Carter has the benefit of strong majorities in House and Senate,but governs ineffectively Reasons. Carter also inherits a number of problems. Stagflation High energy prices Post Vietnam, post Watergate, post 1960s loss of faith and direction. Carter establishes the Department of Energy Gives amnesty to draft dodgers who had gone to Canada.

    30. Carter’s Foreign Policy Carter shifts focus of American Foreign policy to Human Rights and democracy. Camp David Accords: Carter’s biggest foreign policy success is the Camp David Accords. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli President Menachem Begin. Relations with China. Panama Canal Rational Criticism

    31. Economics and Malaise Stagflation, continued to beset the country during the Carter presidency. Inflation was well above 13% in 1979 Causes Impacts on economy Carter seems impotent to deal with these problems Malaise Speech

    32. Foreign Frustrations Cubans in Africa Salt II Criticism of Détente Iranian Revolution Shah of Iran Attitude of revolutionaries toward U.S. Ayatollah Khomeini

    33. Hostage Crisis Shah admitted to US for medical reasons U.S. embassy seized and hostages taken U.S. few good options Failed rescue attempt Impact on American psyche

    34. Afghanistan Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December of 1979. Soviets had long desired warm-water ports and greater influence over the Middle East and its oil. Carter response Carter threat Olympic Boycott Carter requires those over 18 to register for a draft, although no actual draft. Afghanistan becomes the Soviet Viet Nam. Long-term impact.

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