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Typography

Typography. History of Typography Part 1. E arly forms of writing and pictograms. The letterforms (shapes of letters) we use today did not always look as they do now. They evolved over the past 5000 years, linked to the rise and fall of civilisations and cultures.

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Typography

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  1. Typography History of Typography Part 1

  2. Early forms of writing and pictograms • The letterforms (shapes of letters) we use today did not always look as they do now. • They evolved over the past 5000 years, linked to the rise and fall of civilisations and cultures.

  3. Early forms of writing and pictograms • The very earliest ‘written’ communication was in the form of naturalistic paintings of animals and people on cave walls.

  4. Early forms of writing and pictograms • Gradually over time, primitive cultures stylised (simplified) their messages.

  5. Early forms of writing and pictograms • The most well knowstylised symbols are called hieroglyphs andwere made by the Ancient Egyptians around 2000BC. • This form of writing was painted on the walls of temples and tombs and written on scrolls and wax tablets.

  6. Early forms of writing and pictograms • Native AmericanIndian petroglyphs(images on rock) are seen throughout the southwest USA - Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado.

  7. Early forms of writing – 4000BC • Chinese and Japanese writing was originallyliteral and pictorial, then became stylised. • Eachideograph, represents not a word, but an idea or story.

  8. Early forms of writing – 3000BC • Cuniform was a wedge-shaped pictographic writing system. • It was used by many languages over several empires in ancient Mesopotamia and Persia (now Iraq and Iran).

  9. Early forms of writing – 1000BC • The Phoenicians (now Syria and Lebanon) invented the firstphoneticalphabet. • Alphabets are different from other writing systems because the symbols represent sounds, not objects or ideas. http://carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/GREECE/alphabet.html

  10. Early forms of writing – 1000BC • The Phoenician alphabet spread northwest to Greece. • Greek letters became the Cyrillic alphabets of Russia and the Balkans. • The Romans modified the letters into the alphabet we recognise and use.

  11. Early forms of writing – 300AD • In ancient Europe, secret knowledge was preserved in the form of Germanicrunes and in a writing system calledOgham which came from North Africa with Gnostic missionaries. • Ogham inscriptions are often found on marker and grave stones in Southern Ireland.

  12. Early forms of writing – 1AD • The Romansconquered much of Europe, and they spread their style of writing with their empire. • At this point in time there was no alternative to CAPITAL (majuscule) letters.

  13. Early forms of writing – 600AD • The Uncial script was a Celtic modification of pointy Roman capitals. • The curves were good for writing with a pen on soft material such as papyrus or vellum. • The need for speed also had an influence on the style.

  14. Early forms of writing • Half Uncials were created for even greater speed. • This style marks the important change from CAPITALS to the lowercase (miniscule) forms we use today.

  15. Early forms of writing • In 768AD the Roman Emperor Charlemagne decreed that a standardised lowercase be developed – called Carolingian script. • Many thousands of works had to bere-written in the script. Bugger!

  16. Early forms of writing – 1200AD • Paper was expensive, so German monks developed a writing style that was narrower allowing more words to fit on a single line. • This was called Gothic script or Blackletter. That’sbetter.

  17. Hand LetteringCalligraphy “Beautiful Writing”

  18. Calligraphy • Calligraphy is the art of decorative writing. • There are three main types of calligraphy: Oriental, Arabic and Western. • It is still used for artistic expression.

  19. East Asian calligraphy • The art of calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian civilizations that use Chinese characters. • These include China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

  20. East Asian calligraphy • There are many different Eastern styles, including: • Seal Script • Clerical Script • Semi-cursive Script • Cursive Script • Regular Script • Edomoji • Munjado

  21. Islamic calligraphy • Calligraphy for the Muslim is a visible expression of God’s word. • There are many different types of Arabic script including: • Riqua • Nastkhi • Nastaliq • Thuluth • Muhaqqaq • Square Kufic

  22. Western calligraphy • The calligraphy of the Latin, Greek andCyrillicwriting systems was given a boost by Christianity, through the prolific copying of the Bible.

  23. Western calligraphy • Illuminated letters can be found in the handwritten books copied by medieval monks. • Often, the first letter of the first word in a chapter was decorated with gold, brilliant colours, elaborate designs and miniature art work.

  24. Contemporary Calligraphy • Modern calligraphy is often reserved for special occasions and events. • Calligraphic poem by Charles Pearce, written at the time of 9:11 terrorism, with quote from Julius Caesar.

  25. Contemporary Calligraphy

  26. Hand LetteringIllustration

  27. Hand lettering • Hand lettering has always been valued for its individual, spontaneous look, even after the invention of printing. • Poster by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1892 • Comic Book Cover 1939 • Movie poster 1942 • Logo 1956

  28. Contemporary hand lettering • Today’s designer has an almost infinite choice of typefaces available at the computer, but hand lettering is more popular than ever.

  29. Contemporary hand lettering • Hand made letters can use any materials or media and can range from formal calligraphy to letters made from found materials.

  30. Contemporary hand lettering

  31. Contemporary hand lettering • Following on from the trend for ‘grungy’ typefaces a looser, more primitive style is currently very popular.

  32. There are many well known and popular hand type designers today.

  33. Contemporary hand lettering • One of the greatest influences on modern designers is Edward Fella, who has been designing using hand written type since the 1950s.

  34. Assignment Independent Study and Classwork: 1 week to complete Hand in next Monday at 12.00.

  35. Assignment Task 1 In A3 sketchbook: • Notes on the development of hand written type, these could include: • Cave paintings • Hieroglyphs & Petroglyphs • Pictograms & Ideographs • Runes and Ogham • Alphabets • Roman CAPITALS • Uncial and Gothic Script • Calligraphy – Eastern, Arabic & Western • Reference your source material!

  36. Assignment Task 1 • Make sure your layouts are creatively designed, using techniques, materials and fonts suitable for the period. First check out these timelines… http://sofia.fhda.edu/gallery/typography/lessons/01hist/history.html http://www.xs4all.nl/~knops/timetab.html http://www.redsun.com/type/abriefhistoryoftype/

  37. Assignment Task 2 Also in sketchbook: • Collect found examples of contemporary hand written type. • Annotate some of it: • What has it been done for? • What effect is it trying to give? • How is it done (materials, techniques)? • In your opinion is it effective?

  38. Assignment Task 3 • Look up some modern hand type designers. • Use the work of designers such as Edward Fella and Andy Smithwho use handwritten type for inspiration. • Put examples of what you like in your sketchbook. • See Powerpoint ‘Hand Lettering’ on the college intranet.

  39. Contemporary hand lettering Some References (try to also find some of your own!): • Ed Fella: http://www.edfella.com/ • Andy Smith: http://www.asmithillustration.com/ • Charles Wilkin: http://www.automatic-iam.com/ • Noah Woods: http://www.storyopolis.com/ • Scott MacNeill: http://www.macneillandmacintosh.com/ • Gary Panter: http://www.garypanter.com/ • Sarah Fanelli: http://www.sarafanelli.com/ • Richard Beards: http://www.theispot.com/ • Ward Sutton: http://www.suttonimpactstudio.com/

  40. Assignment Task 4 Classwork: • Experiments with hand lettering in class with a wide variety of media. Bring some yourselves!

  41. Assignment Task 5 Classwork - Poster: • Design an A3 poster around the theme of PEACE using hand lettering ONLY • Use only type • All lettering must be drawn by hand • No illustrations! See list of Peace Quotes on the college intranet/Moodle.

  42. What skills will I gain in this project? • Resilience – keep at it! • Resourcefulness – doing effective research and summarising it, asking for help • Time management • Creating information graphics • Creative experimentation • Ideas development • Layout • Communication • Self confidence in my learning • Use of classroom for practical work and managing distractions • Reflecting – what were my strengths and weaknesses and how can I plan to do better next time?

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