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Exploring Greek Elements and Modern Atomic Theory

Discover the foundations of the physical world through Greek elements and modern atomic theory, including atom structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, states of matter, and the concept of antimatter. Understand how these theories explain the properties of matter and interactions at the atomic level.

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Exploring Greek Elements and Modern Atomic Theory

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  1. ELEMENTS – Greek theory of physical world. All earthly objects are a mixture of: EARTH (bottom – center of universe) WATER (water covers earth) AIR (air over water) FIRE (highest – at top) Ether = QUINTESSENCE (Latin) – substance whose natural motion is that most symmetrical and eternal of all conceivable motion = endless circles

  2. ATOMIMC STRUCTURE • ATOMS – not ‘indivisible’ particles of Democritus and Dalton, but have electrons, protons, and neutrons. • Solar system model – central core (nucleus) with orbiting models • Scale • Atomic (Proton) Number = to the number of protons in nucleus. This number determines chemical species. • Ion – atom with net electrical charge due to loss/gain of one or more electrons • Isotopes – same atomic number, but different number of neutrons

  3. ELEMENTS & THE PERIODIC TABLE • Alchemy – develop substance to restore youth; turn base metal into gold • Origin of some chemical symbols (Latin) →

  4. ELEMENTS – 92 natural elements MOLECULES – collection of atoms held by chemical bond ex. H20 – water – 3 atoms C6H12O6 – glucose – 24 atoms C2H5OH – alcohol – 9 atoms Chemical Bonding – involves electrons • Ionic – transfer of electrons ex. NaCl (salt) : Na (ignites in air) Cl (poison gas) extra Na electron fills in outer Cl shell B. Covalent – mutual sharing of electrons ex. H20 electrons most of the time of O leaving the two hydrogens positive.

  5. States of Matter • Solid – definite shape, atoms locked into position, most have regular pattern. • Liquid – atoms packed tightly but not as tight as to prohibit movement; has surface. • Gas – large distances between atoms/molecules • Plasma – completely ionized gas ‘Atomic Theory’ – explains many things ex. Odors and evaporation

  6. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) • Greek philosopher, educator, scientist • Student of Plato

  7. Antiparticles and Antimatter Electron - Positron Pair (1932) Proton - Antiproton (same mass, opposite charge) 2 8 Creation vs Annihilation E = mc (c = speed of light : 3 x 10 m/s)

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